Adenosine receptor antagonists and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are compounds, compositions, formulations, and methods for modulating the A2B adenosine receptor.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/638,737, filed Mar. 5, 2018 and U.S. Provisional Application No.62/688,088 filed Jun. 21, 2018, each of which is incorporated herein byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are compounds, methods of making such compounds,pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising such compounds,and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of conditions,diseases, or disorders that would benefit from modulation of A_(2B)adenosine receptor activity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Adenosine, an endogenous nucleoside, ubiquitously exists inside andoutside of living cells. It plays multiple physiological roles tomaintain the homeostasis of cells, tissues, and organs. Adenosine canexert its biological effects by interacting with a family of adenosinereceptors known as A₁; A_(2A), A_(2B), and A₃ adenosine receptors. A₁adenosine receptors mediate mechanisms of tissue protection, especiallyfor cardioprotection. A_(2A) adenosine receptors modulate coronaryvasodilation and cancer immunity. A_(2B) adenosine receptors play a rolein signaling pathways.

Some A_(2B) adenosine receptor antagonists are relatively insoluble inaqueous media and/or difficult to formulate using conventionalpharmaceutical excipients, and thus can be difficult to formulate in amanner that provides reproducible plasma levels of the compound inmammals, in particular humans. A need exists for improving thebioavailability A_(2B) adenosine receptor antagonists.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, described herein is a compound represented by Formula(A):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, and        substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R³ is selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein if R³ is        substituted then R³ is substituted with one or more groups        selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl,        C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy,        and substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄heteroalkyl;    -   R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R⁶ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are attached to form a carbonyl (C═O);    -   or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are attached to form a ring that is a substituted or        unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, wherein if the ring is substituted then        it is substituted with one or more R¹⁵;        -   R¹⁵ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,            substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or            unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted            heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),            -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —C(═O)R¹⁶,            —C(═O)—OR¹⁶, —C(═O)N(R¹⁶)₂;        -   each R¹⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen and            substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R⁵ is hydrogen, R⁷, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸),        —C(═O)—SR⁷, or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂;    -   or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together with the atoms to which they are        attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl;    -   R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or        unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted        heteroaryl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl),        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl),        —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹;    -   R⁸ is hydrogen or alkyl;    -   or R⁷ and R⁸ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which        they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl;    -   each R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl;    -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl;    -   R¹¹ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,        —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂;    -   R¹² is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl), or -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted        heteroaryl);    -   m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;    -   n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;    -   p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;    -   wherein substituted means that the referenced group is        substituted with one or more additional groups individually and        independently selected from halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl),        —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl),        —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂,        alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy,        fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy,        alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide,        alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is C₁-C₆alkyl; R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, andC₁-C₆alkyl; or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom towhich they are attached to form a carbonyl (C═O).

In some embodiments, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, or n-propyl; R⁶ is selectedfrom hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl; or R⁴ and R⁶ are takentogether with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form acarbonyl (C═O).

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure of Formula(III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected frommethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl,n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl,n-hexyl, isohexyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, and neohexyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is R⁷; R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclicC₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedmonocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl), —CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹,or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogenand methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,—C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹², —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆heteroalkyl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl), —CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, or—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹; R¹⁰ is hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OH)₂.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure of Formula(I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is methyl or ethyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, R⁷,—C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR⁷, or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂; R⁷is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedmonocyclic C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclicC₅-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted phenyl), —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl),—CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ isindependently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is R⁷, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸),—C(═O)—SR⁷, or —P(═O)(OH)₂; R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl,substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[4.3.0]nonanyl, or substituted or unsubstituted decalinyl,substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substitutedor unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl,substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedthiomorpholinyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted orunsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl), —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl),—CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ isindependently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure of Formula(II):

wherein:

Y is selected from —CH₂—, O, S, —NR¹⁵—, and —S(O)₂—;

Z is O or S;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure of Formula(IIa):

wherein:

Y is selected from —CH₂—, O, S, —NR¹⁵—, and —S(O)₂—;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In another aspect, described herein is a compound represented by Formula(B):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, and        substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R³ is selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein if R³ is        substituted then R³ is substituted with one or more groups        selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl,        C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy,        and substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄heteroalkyl;    -   R⁴ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R⁶ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are attached to form a carbonyl (C═O);    -   or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are attached to form a ring that is a substituted or        unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, wherein if the ring is substituted then        it is substituted with one or more R¹⁵;        -   R¹⁵ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,            substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or            unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted            heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),            -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —C(═O)R¹⁶,            —C(═O)—OR¹⁶, —C(═O)N(R¹⁶)₂;        -   each R¹⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen and            substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl),        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl),        —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,        —C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R^(a) or —C(═O)—OR⁷;    -   R^(a) is substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic cycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heterocycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heteroaryl, (substituted        or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl containing at least one O atom        in the ring), substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl,        substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or        unsubstituted azapenyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered        heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-2-yl,        substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-4-yl, substituted or        unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted        pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl, substituted        or unsubstituted triazinyl;    -   or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together with the atoms to which they are        attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl;    -   R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or        unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted        heteroaryl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl),        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl),        —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹;    -   each R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl;    -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl;    -   R¹¹ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,        —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂;    -   R¹² is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl), or -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted        heteroaryl);    -   m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;    -   n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.    -   p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;    -   wherein substituted means that the referenced group is        substituted with one or more additional groups individually and        independently selected from halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl),        —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl),        —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂,        alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy,        fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy,        alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide,        alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is hydrogen; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁵ is substitutedor unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl), -alkyl-(substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl), —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R^(a) or—C(═O)—OR⁷.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected frommethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl,n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl,n-hexyl, isohexyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, and neohexyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹², —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is —C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R^(a) or —C(═O)—OR⁷.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is substituted or unsubstituted bicycliccycloalkyl that is a fused bicyclic cycloalkyl, bridged bicycliccycloalkyl, or spiro bicyclic cycloalkyl; or R^(a) is substituted orunsubstituted bicyclic heterocycloalkyl that is a fused bicyclicheterocycloalkyl, bridged bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, or spiro bicyclicheterocycloalkyl; or R^(a) is substituted or unsubstituted bicyclicheteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[4.3.0]nonanyl, or substituted or unsubstituted decalinyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl containing at least one O atom in the ring, substitutedor unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl,substituted or unsubstituted azapenyl, substituted or unsubstituted5-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-2-yl,substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-4-yl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyrimidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted orunsubstituted pyridazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted triazinyl.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl containing at least one O atom in the ring that issubstituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted orunsubstituted dihydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstitutedoxazolidinonyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl,substituted or unsubstituted dihydropyranyl, substituted orunsubstituted tetrahydrothiopyranyl, substituted or unsubstitutedmorpholinyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted orunsubstituted oxepanyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazepinyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted dioxanyl.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is a substituted or unsubstituted 5-memberedheteroaryl that is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted orunsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl,substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstitutedthiazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted orunsubstituted pyrazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted triazolyl,substituted or unsubstituted tetrazolyl, substituted or unsubstitutedisoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl, substituted orunsubstituted oxadiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazolyl,

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl; R⁵ is —C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —C(═O)—OR⁷.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl; R⁵ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), -alkyl-(substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl).

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Also described herein is a pharmaceutical formulation, comprising acompound of any one of the compounds disclosed herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; and at least onepharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated foradministration to a mammal by oral administration, intravenousadministration, or subcutaneous administration.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of atablet, a pill, a capsule, a liquid, a suspension, a dispersion, asolution, or an emulsion.

In one aspect, described herein is a method of modulating the A_(2B)adenosine receptor in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal acompound described herein, or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof.

In another aspect, described herein is a method of treating a disease ordisorder in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting ofcardiovascular diseases, fibrosis, neurological disorders, type Ihypersensitivity disorders, chronic and acute liver diseases, lungdiseases, renal diseases, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. In someembodiments, the disease or disorder is cancer.

In some embodiments, the subject is human.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments in which aneffective amount of the compound described herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is: (a) systemically administered to themammal; and/or (b) administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c)intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d) administered byinjection to the mammal.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprisingsingle administrations of an effective amount of the compound, includingfurther embodiments in which the compound is administered once a day tothe mammal or the compound is administered to the mammal multiple timesover the span of one day. In some embodiments, the compound isadministered on a continuous dosing schedule. In some embodiments, thecompound is administered on a continuous daily dosing schedule.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variablesis contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups andsubstituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to providestable moieties and compounds.

Other objects, features and advantages of the compounds, methods andcompositions described herein will become apparent from the followingdetailed description. It should be understood, however, that thedetailed description and the specific examples, while indicatingspecific embodiments, are given by way of illustration only, sincevarious changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of theinstant disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art fromthis detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein are compounds, compositions, formulations, and methodsrelated to A_(2B) adenosine receptor antagonists. For example, thecompounds, compositions, and/or formulations disclosed herein can beused in a method of treating a condition in a subject in need thereof.The condition can be cardiovascular diseases, chronic and acute liverdisease, lung disease, renal disease, diabetes, obesity, and/or cancer.

8-(1-(3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-ethyl-1-propyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione(Compound 1) is an A₂B adenosine receptor antagonist, which is axanthine unsubstituted at 7-position. It can be relatively insoluble inaqueous media and difficult to formulate using conventionalpharmaceutical excipients, and thus can be difficult to formulate in amanner that provides reproducible plasma levels of the compoundundergoing evaluation in mammals, in particular humans. Accordingly, newprodrugs of the A_(2B) adenosine receptor antagonist can be developed toimprove the formulation, pharmacokinetic profile, and/or bioavailabilitythe A_(2B) adenosine receptor antagonist.

In some cases, prodrugs can be hydrolyzed by esterase (e.g., ingastrointestinal tract and/or in blood) and converted into Compound 1 inan aqueous solution. In some cases, acid labile prodrugs can beconverted into Compound 1 in an acidic environment (e.g., in thestomach). In some cases, prodrugs, which are stable in the acidicenvironment and/or stable against hydrolysis by esterase, may not be agood prodrug candidate for Compound 1.

In one aspect, the compounds, compositions, and/or formulationsdisclosed herein can be used to treat cancer. On endothelial cells, forexample, adenosine can bind to the A₂B adenosine receptors, therebystimulating angiogenesis. On T cells, A₂B adenosine receptor stimulationcan lead to type I protein kinase A (PKA) isoform activation that canhamper T cell activation through inhibition of T-cell antigen receptor(TCR) proximal kinases Lck and Fyn. The pro-metastatic Fra-1transcription factor can also induce A_(2B) adenosine receptorexpression on cancer cells, and thus A_(2B) adenosine receptorantagonist can inhibit metastasis of Fra-1-expressing cells. A_(2B)adenosine receptor signaling activation can impair antigen presentationand can also inhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1) activation. The diversity of signaling and biological activitiesof A_(2B) adenosine receptor can render it an attractive cancer targetto promote anti-tumor immunity and suppress tumor cell metastasis.

In another aspect, the compounds, compositions, and/or formulationsdisclosed herein can be used to treat fibrosis. A commonly ingestedadenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine, can block the development ofhepatic fibrosis, an effect that may explain the epidemiologic findingthat coffee drinking, in a dose-dependent fashion, can reduce thelikelihood of death from liver disease. A_(2B) adenosine receptors canalso play a role in the pathogenesis of interstitial fibrosis.Adenosine, acting at A_(2B) adenosine receptors, can stimulate hepaticstellate cell-mediated fibrosis of the liver by increasing production ofcollagen I and III via two distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)-dependent pathways, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2) and p38MAPK, respectively. Over-activation of A_(2B) adenosinereceptors can be involved in liver, lung and heart fibrosis.Accordingly, A_(2B) adenosine receptors may be a good therapeutic targetfor fibrosis of the liver, lungs, heart, and/or skin.

In another aspect, the compounds, compositions, and/or formulationsdisclosed herein can be used to treat diabetes and/or obesity.Insensitivity to insulin can exacerbate diabetes and/or obesity. Insulinsensitivity can be decreased by the interaction of adenosine with A_(2B)adenosine receptors. Thus, blocking the A_(2B) adenosine receptors ofindividuals with diabetes and/or obesity can benefit patients with thesedisorders.

In another aspect, the compounds, compositions, and/or formulationsdisclosed herein can be used to treat neurological disorders, such asdementias and Alzheimer's disease. Adenosine acting at A_(2B) adenosinereceptors can over-stimulate cerebral interleukin 6 (IL-6), a cytokineassociated with dementias and Alzheimer's disease. Inhibiting thebinding of adenosine to A_(2B) adenosine receptors can thereforemitigate those neurological disorders that are produced by IL-6.

In another aspect, the compounds, compositions, and/or formulationsdisclosed herein can be used to treat type I hypersensitivity disorders,such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, hay fever,and atopic eczema. These type I hypersensitivity disorders can bestimulated by mast cells binding to A₂B adenosine receptors. Therefore,blocking A₂B adenosine receptors can provide a therapeutic benefitagainst such disorders.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of the ordinaryskill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although any methodsand materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can beused in the practice or testing of the formulations or unit dosesherein, some methods and materials are now described. Unless mentionedotherwise, the techniques employed or contemplated herein are standardmethodologies. The materials, methods and examples are illustrative onlyand not limiting.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes onlyand are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

The details of one or more inventive embodiments are set forth in theaccompanying drawings, the claims, and the description herein. Otherfeatures, objects, and advantages of the inventive embodiments disclosedand contemplated herein can be combined with any other embodiment unlessexplicitly excluded.

The open terms for example “contain,” “containing,” “include,”“including,” and the like mean comprising, and are not limiting.

The singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” are used herein to includeplural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Unless otherwise indicated, some embodiments herein contemplatenumerical ranges. When a numerical range is provided, unless otherwiseindicated, the range can include the range endpoints. Unless otherwiseindicated, numerical ranges can include all values and subranges thereinas if explicitly written out.

The term “about” in relation to a reference numerical value can includea range of values plus or minus 10% from that value. For example, theamount “about 10” includes amounts from 9 to 11, including the referencenumbers of 9, 10, and 11. The term “about” in relation to a referencenumerical value can also include a range of values plus or minus 10%,9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% from that value.

The term “prodrug” refers to any compound that becomes an active form ofa drug (e.g., Compound I) when administered to a subject, e.g., uponmetabolic processing of the prodrug.

Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they are easierto administer than the parent drug. They are, for instance, bioavailableby oral administration whereas the parent is not. Further oralternatively, the prodrug also has improved solubility inpharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. In some embodiments,the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility. Incertain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug ischemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically ortherapeutically active form of the compound. In certain embodiments, aprodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processesto the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form ofthe compound.

Prodrugs of compound 1 described herein include, but are not limited to,compounds where the nitrogen atom is incorporated into an alkylcarbamate, (acyloxy)alkyl carbamate, acyloxyalkyl ester,alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester, alkyl ester, aryl ester, phosphate ester,sugar ester, ether, N-acyloxyalkoxycarbonyl, N-acyloxyakyl.dihydropyridinepyridinium salt system (redox systems),(phosphoryloxy)methyl carbamate, (acyloxy)alkyl carbamate, and the like.

In some embodiments, prodrugs of Compound 1 are formed byN-acyloxyalkylation, N-hydroxyalkylation, N-(phosphoryloxy)alkylation,N-acyloxyalkylation, N-hydroxyalkylation, N-(phosphoryloxy)alkylation,N-acylation (amides and carbamates), N-(oxodioxolenyl)methylation, andthe like.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” component is one that is suitablefor use with humans and/or animals without undue adverse side effects(such as toxicity, irritation, and allergic response) commensurate witha reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The terms “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount,” asused herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compoundbeing administered, which will relieve to some extent one or more of thesymptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result includesreduction and/or alleviation and/or amelioration of the signs, symptoms,or causes of a disease, slowing of disease progression, or any otherdesired alteration of a biological system. For example, an “effectiveamount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of compound as disclosedherein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in diseasesymptoms. An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case isoptionally determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.

The term “treating” or “treatment” encompasses administration of atleast one compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, to a mammalian subject, particularly a human subject, inneed of such an administration and includes (i) arresting thedevelopment of clinical symptoms of the disease, such as cancer, (ii)bringing about a regression in the clinical symptoms of the disease,such as cancer, and/or (iii) prophylactic treatment for preventing theonset of additional symptoms of the disease, such as cancer.

The term “subject” refers to a mammal that has been or will be theobject of treatment, observation or experiment.

The term “mammal” is intended to have its standard meaning, andencompasses for example humans, dogs, cats, sheep, and cows. The methodsdescribed herein can be useful in both human therapy and veterinaryapplications. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human.

The term “derivative” can be used interchangeably with the term“analog.” Compound 1 can be a derivative or analog if 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5atoms of compound 1 is replaced by another atom or a functional group(e.g., amino, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl) to form the compounds of thedisclosure.

The term “solvate” can include, but is not limited to, a solvate thatretains one or more of the activities and/or properties of the compoundand that is not undesirable. Examples of solvates include, but are notlimited to, a compound in combination with water, isopropanol, ethanol,methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, ethanolamine, orcombinations thereof.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a form of atherapeutically active agent that consists of a cationic form of thetherapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable anion, or inalternative embodiments, an anionic form of the therapeutically activeagent in combination with a suitable cation. Handbook of PharmaceuticalSalts: Properties, Selection and Use. International Union of Pure andApplied Chemistry, Wiley-VCH 2002. S. M. Berge, L. D. Bighley, D C.Monkhouse, J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19. P. H. Stahl and C. G. Wermuth,editors, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts; Properties, Selection andUse, Weinheim/Zurich: Wiley-VCH/VHCA, 2002. Pharmaceutical saltstypically are more soluble and more rapidly soluble in stomach andintestinal juices than non-ionic species and so are useful in soliddosage forms. Furthermore, because their solubility often is a functionof pH, selective dissolution in one or another part of the digestivetract is possible and this capability can be manipulated as one aspectof delayed and sustained release behaviors. Also, because thesalt-forming molecule can be in equilibrium with a neutral form, passagethrough biological membranes can be adjusted.

The term “salt” can include, but are not limited to, salts that retainone or more of the activities and properties of the free acids and basesand that are not undesirable. Illustrative examples of salts include,but are not limited to, sulfates, pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites,bisulfites, phosphates, monohydrogenphosphates, dihydrogenphosphates,metaphosphates, pyrophosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates,propionates, decanoates, caprylates, acrylates, formates, isobutyrates,caproates, heptanoates, propiolates, oxalates, malonates, succinates,suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates, butyne-1,4-dioates,hexyne-1,6-dioates, benzoates, chlorobenzoates, methylbenzoates,dinitrobenzoates, bydroxybenzoates, methoxybenzoates, phthalates,sulfonates, xylenesulfonates, phenylacetates, phenylpropionates,phenylbutyrates, citrates, lactates, y-hydroxybutyrates, glycolates,tartrates, methanesulfonates, propanesulfonates,naphthalene-1-sulfonates, naphthalene-2-sulfonates, and mandelates.

It should be understood that a reference to a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms. In someembodiments, solvates contain either stoichiometric ornon-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are formed during theprocess of isolating or purifying the compound with pharmaceuticallyacceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates areformed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when thesolvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein areconveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein.In addition, the compounds provided herein optionally exist inunsolvated as well as solvated forms.

Unless otherwise indicated, whenever there is a stereocenter in astructure disclosed or illustrated herein, the stereocenter can be R orS in each case.

Individual stereoisomers are obtained, if desired, by methods such as,stereoselective synthesis and/or the separation of stereoisomers bychiral chromatographic columns. In certain embodiments, compoundsdescribed herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers byreacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically activeresolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds/salts,separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pureenantiomers. In some embodiments, resolution of enantiomers is carriedout using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds describedherein. In another embodiment, diastereomers are separated byseparation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility.In other embodiments, separation of steroisomers is performed bychromatography or by the forming diastereomeric salts and separation byrecrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof. JeanJacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates andResolutions”, John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981. In some embodiments,stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.

In another embodiment, the compounds described herein are labeledisotopically (e.g. with a radioisotope) or by another other means.

Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, whichare identical to those recited in the various formulae and structurespresented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replacedby an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from theatomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopesthat can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes ofhydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine, such as, forexample, ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ³⁶Cl. In one aspect,isotopically-labeled compounds described herein, for example those intowhich radioactive isotopes such as ³H and ¹⁴C are incorporated, areuseful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. In oneaspect, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certaintherapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, suchas, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosagerequirements. In some embodiments, one or more hydrogen atoms of thecompounds described herein is replaced with deuterium.

The term “amino” refers to functional groups that contain a basicnitrogen atom with a lone pair. For example, amino can include theradical —NH₂

wherein each R′ is independently H, halo, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,cycloalkyl, or acyl.

As used herein, C₁-C_(x) includes C₁-C₂, C₁-C₃ . . . C₁-C_(x). By way ofexample only, a group designated as “C₁-C₄” indicates that there are oneto four carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e. groups containing 1 carbonatom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms or 4 carbon atoms. Thus, by way ofexample only, “C₁-C₄ alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbonatoms in the alkyl group, i.e., the alkyl group is selected from amongmethyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, andt-butyl.

An “alkyl” group refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. The alkylgroup is branched or straight chain. In some embodiments, the “alkyl”group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, i.e. a C₁-C₁₀alkyl. Whenever it appearsherein, a numerical range such as “1 to 10” refers to each integer inthe given range; e.g., “1 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl groupconsist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbonatoms, 5 carbon atoms, 6 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrenceof the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated. In someembodiments, an alkyl is a C₁-C₆alkyl. In one aspect the alkyl ismethyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, ort-butyl. Alternatively, an alkyl includes, but is not limited to,methyl, ethyl, propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl, butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl,2-methyl-propan-1-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, and the like. Typical alkylgroups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl,neopentyl, or hexyl.

The term “lower alkyl” can refer to a monoradical branched or unbranchedsaturated hydrocarbon chains having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms,such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl,t-butyl, n-hexyl, and the like.

In some embodiments, when an alkyl is unsaturated, then the alkyl is analkenyl or alkynyl.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least onecarbon-carbon double bond is present. In one embodiment, an alkenylgroup has the formula —C(R)═CR₂, wherein R refers to the remainingportions of the alkenyl group, which may be the same or different. Insome embodiments, R is H or an alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkenyl isselected from ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), propenyl (i.e., allyl), butenyl,pentenyl, pentadienyl, and the like. Non-limiting examples of an alkenylgroup include —CH═CH₂, —C(CH₃)═CH₂, —CH═CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)═CHCH₃, and—CH₂CH═CH₂. Alternatively, an alkenyl includes, but is not limited to,ethenyl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl (allyl),but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl,but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, and the like.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least onecarbon-carbon triple bond is present. In one embodiment, an alkenylgroup has the formula —C≡C—R, wherein R refers to the remaining portionsof the alkynyl group. In some embodiments, R is H or an alkyl. In someembodiments, an alkynyl is selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl,pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Non-limiting examples of an alkynylgroup include —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃—C≡CCH₂CH₃, —CH₂C≡CH. Alternatively, analkynyl includes, but is not limited to, ethynyl, prop-1-yn-1-yl,prop-2-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl; and thelike.

An “alkoxy” group refers to a (alkyl)O— group, where alkyl is as definedherein.

The term “fluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogenatoms are replaced by a fluorine atom. In one aspect, a fluoroalkyl is aC₁-C₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, a fluoroalkyl is selected fromtrifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl,1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, and the like.

An “fluoroalkoxy” group refers to a (fluoroalkyl)O— group, wherefluoroalkyl is as defined herein.

The term “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine oriodine.

The term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or moreskeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon,e.g., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g. —NH—, —N(alkyl)-), sulfur (—S—, —S(O)—,—S(O)₂—), phosporus (—PH—, —P(O)₂—), or combinations thereof (e.g.—O—P(O)₂—). A heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at acarbon atom of the heteroalkyl. In one aspect, a heteroalkyl is aC₁-C₆heteroalkyl. In some embodiments,

As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring wherein eachof the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom. Typical aryl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl,indenyl, and the like. In one some embodiments, aryl is phenyl or anaphthyl. In some embodiments, an aryl is a phenyl. In some embodiments,an aryl is a C₆-C₁₀aryl.

The terms “heteroaryl” refers to an aryl group that includes one or morering heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Illustrativeexamples of heteroaryl groups include monocyclic heteroaryls andbicyclic heteroaryls. Monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl,imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl,furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl,pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and furazanyl.Bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizine, indole, benzofuran,benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline,isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline,1,8-naphthyridine, and pteridine. In some embodiments, a heteroarylcontains 0-4 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroarylcontains 1-4 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroarylcontains 0-4 N atoms, 0-10 atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In someembodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms, 0-10 atoms, and 0-1 Satoms in the ring. In some embodiments, heteroaryl is a C₁-C₉heteroaryl.In some embodiments, monocyclic heteroaryl is a C₁-C₅heteroaryl. In someembodiments, monocyclic heteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-memberedheteroaryl. In some embodiments, bicyclic heteroaryl is aC₆-C₉heteroaryl.

The term “arylalkyl” refers to an alkyl that is substituted with an arylgroup. Typical arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl,2-phenylethan-1-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-1-yl, and the like.

The term “heteroarylalkyl” refers to an alkyl that is substituted with aheteroaryl group.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic,non-aromatic radical, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e.skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom. In some embodiments, cycloalkyls aremonocyclic, bicyclic (spirocyclic, fused or bridged), or polycyclic.Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms (i.e.(C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is a (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl groups are selected fromamong cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl,cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, spiro[2.2]pentyl, norbornyl andbicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is aC₃-C₆cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is a monocycliccycloalkyl. Monocyclic cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, andcyclooctyl. Polycyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, adamantyl,norbornyl (i.e., bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl), norbornenyl, decalinyl,7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, and the like.

In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is partially unsaturated(“cycloalkenyl”, including but not limited to, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl,cyclobut-1-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl, and the like).

A “heterocycloalkyl” or “heteroalicyclic” group refers to a cycloalkylgroup that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen,oxygen and sulfur. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl is fused withan aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl isoxazolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl,tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl,thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidin-2-onyl,pyrrolidine-2,5-dithionyl, pyrrolidine-2,5-dionyl, pyrrolidinonyl,imidazolidinyl, imidazolidin-2-onyl, or thiazolidin-2-onyl. The termheteroalicyclic also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates,including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides andthe oligosaccharides. In one aspect, a heterocycloalkyl is aC₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl. In another aspect, a heterocycloalkyl is aC₄-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl contains0-2 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkylcontains 0-2 N atoms, 0-2 O atoms and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.

The term “acyl” can refer to —C(O)R′, in which R′ is hydrogen, alkyl,substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl,substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, or substituted aryl.

The term “substituted” can refer to a group in which one or morehydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with the same ordifferent substituent(s). Typical substituents include, but are

The term “substituted” or “optionally substituted” means that thereferenced group is optionally substituted with one or more additionalgroup(s) individually and independently selected from D, halogen, —CN,—NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl),—S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy,fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, alkylthio,arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone.In some embodiments, optional substituents are independently selectedfrom halo, alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl,heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or acyl. In some otherembodiments, optional substituents are independently selected from D,halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl),—C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(C₁-C₄alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(C₁-C₄alkyl)₂, C₁-C₄alkyl,C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, —SC₁-C₄alkyl, —S(═O)C₁-C₄alkyl, and—S(═O)₂C₁-C₄alkyl. In some embodiments, optional substituents areindependently selected from D, halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —OH, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, and —OCF₃. In some embodiments,substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the precedinggroups. In some embodiments, an optional substituent on an aliphaticcarbon atom (acyclic or cyclic) includes oxo (═O).

Prodrugs

In one aspect, described herein is a compound represented by Formula(A):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, and        substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R³ is selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein if R³ is        substituted then R³ is substituted with one or more groups        selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl,        C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy,        and substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄heteroalkyl;    -   R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R⁶ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are attached to form a carbonyl (C═O);    -   or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are attached to form a ring that is a substituted or        unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, wherein if the ring is substituted then        it is substituted with one or more R¹⁵;        -   R¹⁵ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,            substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or            unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted            heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),            -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —C(═O)R¹⁶,            —C(═O)—OR¹⁶, —C(═O)N(R¹⁶)₂;        -   each R¹⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen and            substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R⁵ is hydrogen, R⁷, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸),        —C(═O)—SR⁷, or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂;    -   or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together with the atoms to which they are        attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl;    -   R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or        unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted        heteroaryl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl),        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl),        —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹;    -   R⁸ is hydrogen or alkyl;    -   or R⁷ and R⁸ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which        they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl;    -   each R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl;    -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl;    -   R¹¹ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,        —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂;    -   R¹² is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl), or -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted        heteroaryl);    -   m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;    -   n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;    -   p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;    -   wherein substituted means that the referenced group is        substituted with one or more additional groups individually and        independently selected from halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl),        —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl),        —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂,        alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy,        fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy,        alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide,        alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone.

In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, m is1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In someembodiments, m is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, m is 1 or 2. In someembodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, n is1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In someembodiments, n is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, n is 1 or 2. In someembodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 1. In someembodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, nis 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some embodiments, p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, p is1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, p is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In someembodiments, p is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 1 or 2. In someembodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R²are each independently selected from unsubstituted C₁-C₃alkyl. In someembodiments, R¹ is ethyl. In some embodiments, R² is n-propyl. In someembodiments, R¹ is ethyl and R² is n-propyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is substituted phenyl. In someembodiments, R³ is phenyl substituted by one or more groupsindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ fluoroalkyl.In some embodiments, R³ is phenyl substituted by one or more groupsindependently selected from C₁-C₄ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R³is selected from phenyl substituted with one, two, or three —CF₃substituents. In some embodiments, R³ is selected from phenylsubstituted with one —CF₃ substituent. In some embodiments, R³ is

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected frommethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl,n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl,n-hexyl, isohexyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, and neohexyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is C₁-C₆alkyl and R⁶ is selected from hydrogen,and C₁-C₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together withthe carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl (C═O).

In some embodiments, R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, or n-propyl and R⁶ is selectedfrom hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl. In some embodiments, R⁴ ismethyl or ethyl. In some embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen. In someembodiments, R⁴ is methyl or ethyl; and R⁶ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is R⁷. In some embodiments, R⁵ is —(C═O)R⁷. Insome embodiments, R⁵ is —(C═O)—OR⁷.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is R⁷; R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclicC₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedmonocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl), —CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹,or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogenand methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,—C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹², —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆heteroalkyl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl), —CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, or—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹; R¹⁰ is hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OH)₂.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ ismethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, or n-pentyl.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is —CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, wherein R¹¹ is —C(═O)R¹², andwherein R¹² is unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. Insome embodiments, R¹² is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, or n-pentyl.In some embodiments, R¹² is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, orcyclohexyl.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is —CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, wherein R¹¹ is —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.In some embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, wherein R¹¹ isunsubstituted alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, n-butyl, or n-pentyl.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl). In some embodiments, R⁷ is —CH₂-(substitutedC₅-C₆heterocycloalkyl). In some embodiments, R⁷ is

In some embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl.In some embodiments, R⁷ is monocyclic C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl. In someembodiments, R⁷ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.In some embodiments, R⁷ is cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ isspirocyclic C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is adamantyl.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is methyl or ethyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, R⁷,—C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR⁷, or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂; R⁷is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedmonocyclic C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclicC₅-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted phenyl), —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl),—CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ isindependently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is R⁷, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸),—C(═O)—SR⁷, or —P(═O)(OH)₂; R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl,substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[4.3.0]nonanyl, or substituted or unsubstituted decalinyl,substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substitutedor unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl,substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedthiomorpholinyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted orunsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl), —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl),—CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ isindependently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is R⁷, wherein R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl. In someembodiments, R⁷ is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, orn-pentyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is —C(═O)R⁷, wherein R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, or n-pentyl. In some embodiments,R⁷ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, s bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl,bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, or bicyclo[4.3.0]nonanyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is —C(═O)—OR⁷, wherein R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, or n-pentyl. In some embodiments,R⁷ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, s bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl,bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, or bicyclo[4.3.0]nonanyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure of Formula(III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected frommethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl,n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl,n-hexyl, isohexyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, and neohexyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is R⁷; R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclicC₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedmonocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl), —CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹,or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogenand methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,—C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹², —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆heteroalkyl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —CH₂— (substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl), —CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, or—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹; R¹⁰ is hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OH)₂.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure of Formula(I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is methyl or ethyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, R⁷,—C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR⁷, or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂; R⁷is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedmonocyclic C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclicC₅-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted phenyl), —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl),—CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ isindependently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is R⁷, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸),—C(═O)—SR⁷, or —P(═O)(OH)₂; R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl,substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[4.3.0]nonanyl, or substituted or unsubstituted decalinyl,substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substitutedor unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl,substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedthiomorpholinyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted orunsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl), —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl),—CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ isindependently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure of Formula(II):

wherein:

Y is selected from —CH₂—, O, S, —NR¹⁵—, and —S(O)₂—;

Z is O or S;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure of Formula(IIa):

wherein:

Y is selected from —CH₂—, O, S, —NR¹⁵—, and —S(O)₂—;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, substituted means that the referenced group issubstituted with one or more additional groups individually andindependently selected from halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂,—OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂,—S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl,fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkyl sulfoxide,arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone. In some other embodiments,substituted means that the referenced group is substituted with one ormore additional groups individually and independently selected fromhalogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl,—C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl,heteroalkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, and heterocycloalkyl. In yet otherembodiments, substituted means that the referenced group is substitutedwith one or more additional groups individually and independentlyselected from halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H,—CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkoxy, andfluoroalkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (A) include those described inTable 1.

TABLE 1 Compound Structure Name A

(butyryloxy)methyl 3-ethyl-2,6- dioxo-1-propyl-8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purine-7-carboxylate B

(phosphonooxy)methyl 3-ethyl- 2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purine-7-carboxylate F

1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro- 7H-purin-7-yl)propyl hexanoate G

cyclohexyl (1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo- 1-propyl-8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)propyl) carbonate H

1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro- 7H-purin-7-yl)propyl propyl carbonateI

1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro- 7H-purin-7-yl)ethyl butyrate K

1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro- 7H-purin-7-yl)ethylcyclohexanecarboxylate M

1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro- 7H-purin-7-yl)propylbicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylate O

ethyl 3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl- 8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purine-7- carboxylate P

butyl 3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl- 8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purine-7- carboxylate Q

2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl 3-ethyl- 2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purine-7-carboxylate S

1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro- 7H-purin-7-yl)propyl (2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl) carbonate T

1-(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro- 7H-purin-7-yl)propyl 3-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)propanoate

In another aspect, described herein is a compound represented by Formula(B):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, and        substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R³ is selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein if R³ is        substituted then R³ is substituted with one or more groups        selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl,        C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy,        and substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄heteroalkyl;    -   R⁴ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R⁶ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are attached to form a carbonyl (C═O);    -   or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are attached to form a ring that is a substituted or        unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, wherein if the ring is substituted then        it is substituted with one or more R¹⁵;        -   R¹⁵ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,            substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or            unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted            heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),            -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —C(═O)R¹⁶,            —C(═O)—OR¹⁶, —C(═O)N(R¹⁶)₂;        -   each R¹⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen and            substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   R⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl),        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl),        —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,        —C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R^(a) or —C(═O)—OR⁷;    -   R^(a) is substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic cycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heterocycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heteroaryl, (substituted        or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl containing at least one O atom        in the ring), substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl,        substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or        unsubstituted azapenyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered        heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-2-yl,        substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-4-yl, substituted or        unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted        pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl, substituted        or unsubstituted triazinyl;    -   or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together with the atoms to which they are        attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl;    -   R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or        unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted        heteroaryl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl),        -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl),        —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹;    -   each R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl;    -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl;    -   R¹¹ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,        —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂;    -   R¹² is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl), or -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted        heteroaryl);    -   m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;    -   n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.    -   p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;    -   wherein substituted means that the referenced group is        substituted with one or more additional groups individually and        independently selected from halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl),        —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl),        —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂,        alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy,        fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy,        alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, aryl sulfoxide,        alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone.

In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, m is1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In someembodiments, m is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, m is 1 or 2. In someembodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, n is1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In someembodiments, n is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, n is 1 or 2. In someembodiments, n is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, n is 1. In someembodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, nis 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some embodiments, p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, p is1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, p is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In someembodiments, p is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, p is 1 or 2. In someembodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is hydrogen; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁵ is substitutedor unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl), -alkyl-(substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl), —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R^(a) or—C(═O)—OR⁷.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R²are each independently selected from unsubstituted C₁-C₃alkyl. In someembodiments, R¹ is ethyl. In some embodiments, R² is n-propyl. In someembodiments, R¹ is ethyl and R² is n-propyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl. In some embodiments, R³ is substituted phenyl. In someembodiments, R³ is phenyl substituted by one or more groupsindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ fluoroalkyl.In some embodiments, R³ is phenyl substituted by one or more groupsindependently selected from C₁-C₄ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R³is selected from phenyl substituted with one, two, or three —CF₃substituents. In some embodiments, R³ is selected from phenylsubstituted with one —CF₃ substituent. In some embodiments, R³ is

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected frommethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl,n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl,n-hexyl, isohexyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, and neohexyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹², —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂. Insome embodiments, R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, —C(═O)R¹²,—C(═O)—OR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is —C(═O)R¹² or—P(═O)(OR⁹)₂. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is —C(═O)R¹² or —P(═O)(OH)₂.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹² is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl orsubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹²is unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl. In someembodiments, R¹² is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹²is unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is —C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R^(a) or —C(═O)—OR⁷.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is substituted or unsubstituted bicycliccycloalkyl that is a fused bicyclic cycloalkyl, bridged bicycliccycloalkyl, or spiro bicyclic cycloalkyl; or R^(a) is substituted orunsubstituted bicyclic heterocycloalkyl that is a fused bicyclicheterocycloalkyl, bridged bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, or spiro bicyclicheterocycloalkyl; or R^(a) is substituted or unsubstituted bicyclicheteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[4.3.0]nonanyl, or substituted or unsubstituted decalinyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl containing at least one O atom in the ring, substitutedor unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl,substituted or unsubstituted azapenyl, substituted or unsubstituted5-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-2-yl,substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-4-yl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyrimidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted orunsubstituted pyridazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted triazinyl. Insome embodiments, R^(a) is substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl,substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrodioxanyl, substituted orunsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl,substituted or unsubstituted azapenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted orunsubstituted pyrazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted triazolyl,substituted or unsubstituted tetrazolyl, substituted or unsubstitutedoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted orunsubstituted thiazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl,substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-2-yl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyridin-4-yl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, substituted orunsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl,substituted or unsubstituted triazinyl. In some embodiments, R^(a) issubstituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrodioxanyl, substituted orunsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl,substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyridin-2-yl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-4-yl, or substitutedor unsubstituted pyrimidinyl.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl containing at least one O atom in the ring that issubstituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted orunsubstituted dihydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstitutedoxazolidinonyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl,substituted or unsubstituted dihydropyranyl, substituted orunsubstituted tetrahydrothiopyranyl, substituted or unsubstitutedmorpholinyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted orunsubstituted oxepanyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazepinyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted dioxanyl.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is a substituted or unsubstituted 5-memberedheteroaryl that is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted orunsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl,substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstitutedthiazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted orunsubstituted pyrazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted triazolyl,substituted or unsubstituted tetrazolyl, substituted or unsubstitutedisoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl, substituted orunsubstituted oxadiazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazolyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl; and R⁵ is —C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —C(═O)—OR⁷.

In some embodiments, the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl; R⁵ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), -alkyl-(substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl). In some embodiments, R⁵ is —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl). In some embodiments, R⁵ is—CH₂-(substituted C₅-C₆heterocycloalkyl). In some embodiments, R⁵ is

In some embodiments, substituted means that the referenced group issubstituted with one or more additional groups individually andindependently selected from halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂,—OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂,—S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl,fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide,alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone. In some other embodiments, substitutedmeans that the referenced group is substituted with one or moreadditional groups individually and independently selected from halogen,—CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl),—S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy,fluoroalkoxy, and heterocycloalkyl. In yet other embodiments,substituted means that the referenced group is substituted with one ormore additional groups individually and independently selected fromhalogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl,—C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkoxy, andfluoroalkoxy.

In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (B) include those presented inTable 2.

TABLE 2 Compound Structure Name C

((3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methoxy)methylbutyrate D

((3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methoxy)methyldihydrogen phosphate E

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methyl butyrate J

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methylcyclohexanecarboxylate L

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1- carboxylate N

((3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methoxy)methylcyclohexanecarboxylate R

3-ethyl-7-(((5-methyl-2-oxo- 1,3-dioxol-4- yl)methoxy)methyl)-1-propyl-8-(1-(3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione U

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methyl1,3-dioxane-5- carboxylate V

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methyl1-methylazetidine-3- carboxylate AA

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methyl1-methylpiperidine- 4-carboxylate BB

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methyltetrahydro-2H- pyran-4-carboxylate CC

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methyl pyrimidine-2-carboxylate DD

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methyl isonicotinateEE

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methyl nicotinate FF

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methyl 1-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-carboxylate GG

(3-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-8- (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,3,6- tetrahydro-7H-purin-7- yl)methyl 1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound represented byFormula (I):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:R¹, R², R³, and R⁵ are each independently selected from hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted acyl; andR⁴ is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstitutedarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are each independently lower alkyl. In oneembodiment, R¹ is ethyl. In one embodiment, R² is n-propyl. In oneembodiment, R³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

wherein:R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, andsubstituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen or loweralkyl. In a further embodiment, the compound is selected from the groupconsisting of

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula(II):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:R¹¹, R¹², and R¹³ are each independently selected from hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted acyl; andR¹⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently lower alkyl. Inone embodiment, R¹¹ is ethyl. In one embodiment, R¹² is n-propyl. In oneembodiment, R¹³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

wherein:Y is selected from O, S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR¹⁵—,—S(O)₂—, and a bond;

Z is O or S; and

R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

wherein:Y is selected from O, S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR¹⁷—,—S(O)₂—, and a bond; andR¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently selected from hydrogen, substitutedor unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,and substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula(III):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:R²¹, R²², R²³, and R²⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, R²¹ and R²² are each independently lower alkyl. Inone embodiment, R²¹ is ethyl. In one embodiment, R²² is n-propyl. In oneembodiment, R²³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of

wherein:R²⁵, R²⁶, and R²⁷ are each independently selected from hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, ²⁵, R²⁶, and R²⁷ are each independently hydrogen orlower alkyl. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the groupconsisting of

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula(IV):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, and R³⁶ are each independently hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, R³¹ and R³² are each independently lower alkyl. Inone embodiment, R³¹ is ethyl. In one embodiment, R³² is n-propyl. In oneembodiment, R³³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl. In one embodiment, thecompound is represented by:

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

wherein:R³⁷ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, R³⁵, R³⁶, and R³⁷ are each independently hydrogen orlower alkyl. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the groupconsisting of

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula(V):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:R⁴¹, R⁴², R⁴³, and R⁴⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted acyl; andR⁴⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstitutedarylalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, R⁴¹ and R⁴² are each independently selected fromlower alkyl. In one embodiment, R⁴¹ is ethyl. In one embodiment, R⁴² isn-propyl. In one embodiment, R⁴³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl. In oneembodiment, when R⁴⁵ is not —C(O)R⁴⁷ or —P(O)(OR⁴⁷)₂, then R⁴⁷ isselected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of

wherein:R⁴⁶ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstitutedarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted orunsubstituted acyl;X is selected from O, S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR⁴⁸—,—S(O)₂—, and a bond;

Z is O or S; and

R⁴⁸ is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstitutedarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁶ are each independently hydrogen or loweralkyl. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the groupconsisting of

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula(VI):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:R⁵¹, R⁵², R⁵³, and R⁵⁵ are each independently selected from hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted acyl; andR⁵⁴ is hydrogen or methyl.

In one embodiment, R⁵¹ and R⁵² are each independently lower alkyl. Inone embodiment, R⁵¹ is ethyl. In one embodiment, R⁵² is n-propyl. In oneembodiment, R⁵³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consistingof:

wherein:R⁵⁶, R⁵⁷, and R⁵⁸ are each independently selected from hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, R⁵⁶, R⁵⁷, and R⁵⁸ are each independently hydrogen orlower alkyl. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the groupconsisting of:

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula(VII):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:X is selected from O, S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR⁶⁵—,—S(O)₂—, and a bond;

Z is —SO₂OH or —S(O)OH; and

R⁶¹, R⁶², R⁶³, R⁶⁴, and R⁶⁵ are each independently selected fromhydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, R⁶¹ and R⁶² are each independently lower alkyl. Inone embodiment, R⁶¹ is ethyl. In one embodiment, R⁶² is n-propyl. In oneembodiment, R⁶³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

In one embodiment, R⁶⁴ is hydrogen or lower alkyl. In one embodiment,the compound is selected from the group consisting of

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula(VIII):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:X is selected from S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR⁷⁵—, and—S(O)₂—; andR⁷¹, R⁷², R⁷³, R⁷⁴ and R⁷⁵ are each independently selected fromhydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one embodiment, R⁷¹ and R⁷² are each independently lower alkyl. Inone embodiment, R⁷¹ is ethyl. In one embodiment, R⁷² is n-propyl. In oneembodiment, R⁷³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by:

In one embodiment, R⁷⁴ is hydrogen or lower alkyl. In one embodiment,the compound is represented by:

Disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (1):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, R², and R³, are each independently H, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl;X is H, amino, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In some cases, R¹ is unsubstituted alkyl, preferably ethyl. In somecases, R² is unsubstituted alkyl, preferably propyl. In some cases, R³is substituted aryl, preferably 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl. In somecases, the compound can be a compound of Formula (2):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein X is H, amino, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one example, the prodrug is the compound of

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In one example, the prodrug is the compound of

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (3):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹ and R² are each independently amino, halo, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (4):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, and R², are each independently amino, halo, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (5):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:X is O, S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR′—, —S(O)₂—, or abond;

Z is O or S; and

R′ is hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (6):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, and R², are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (7):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:X is O, S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR′—, —S(O)₂—, or abond; andR and R′ are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (8):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R is hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstitutedarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (9):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, and R², are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (10):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, and R², are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (11):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, and R², are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (12):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, and R², are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In another example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (13):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹ is hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (14):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, R², and R³, are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (15):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, R², and R³, are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (16):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:X is O, S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR′—, —S(O)₂—, or abond; andR¹, R², and R′, are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (17):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:X is O, S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR′—, —S(O)₂—, or abond;

Z is O or S; and

R is hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (18):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, R², and R³, are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (19):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, R², R³, and R⁴, are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (20):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R is hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstitutedarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted acyl; andn is any of 1-5.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (21):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:X is O, S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR′—, or —S(O)₂—; andR′ is hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (22):

-   -   or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,    -   wherein:    -   X is O, S, substituted or unsubstituted —CH₂—, —NR′—, —S(O)₂—,        or a bond;    -   Z is —SO₂OH or —S(O)OH; and    -   R′ is hydrogen, amino, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted        arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or        substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (23):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, R², R³, and R⁴, are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (24):

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:R¹, R², and R³, are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (25):

-   -   or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,    -   wherein:    -   R¹, and R², are each independently hydrogen, amino, halo,        substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or        unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted acyl.

In one example, disclosed herein is the compound:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some cases, also disclosed herein are compounds selected from thegroup consisting of:

or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Prodrugs ofthese A₂B adenosine receptor antagonists can be designed and synthesizedin a similar way to the prodrugs of the Compound 1 by substituting thexanthine at 7-position.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are formulated intopharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions are formulatedin a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptableinactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compoundsinto preparations that are used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation isdependent upon the route of administration chosen. A summary ofpharmaceutical compositions described herein is found, for example, inRemington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton,Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975;Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms andDrug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999),herein incorporated by reference for such disclosure.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are administeredeither alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers, excipients or diluents, in a pharmaceutical composition.Administration of the compounds and compositions described herein can beeffected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds to thesite of action.

Pharmaceutical compositions incorporating a compound described hereinmay take any physical form that is pharmaceutically acceptable.Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration are particularlypreferred. For example, such pharmaceutical compositions include, butare not limited to, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oilysuspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or softcapsules, or syrups or elixirs.

Known methods of formulating used in pharmaceutical science may befollowed to prepare pharmaceutical compositions. All of the usual typesof compositions are contemplated, including, but not limited to,tablets, chewable tablets, capsules, and solutions.

Capsules may be prepared by mixing a compound described herein with asuitable diluent and filling the proper amount of the mixture incapsules. Tablets may be prepared by direct compression, by wetgranulation, or by dry granulation. Their formulations usuallyincorporate diluents, binders, lubricants, and disintegrators, as wellas the compound described herein as an active therapeutic agent. Alubricant in a tablet formulation may help prevent the tablet andpunches from sticking in the die. Tablet disintegrators are substancesthat swell when wetted to break up the tablet and release the compound.Enteric formulations are often used to protect an active ingredient fromthe strongly acidic contents of the stomach and to delay disintegrationand absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Such formulations arecreated by coating a solid dosage form with a film of a polymer that isinsoluble in acid environments, and soluble in basic environments.Tablets are often coated with sugar as a flavor and sealant.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only andnot to limit the scope of the claims provided herein.

Example 1—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound A

Compound A can be synthesized according to the scheme below.

Step 1. O-(chloromethyl) S-ethyl carbonothioate, sodium iodide and18-crown-6 are dissolved in toluene and heated to about 100° C. forabout 5 hours to yield S-ethyl O-(iodomethyl) carbonothioate. Step 2.n-Butyric acid and tetrabutyl ammonium bisulfate, sodium carbonate areadded to a solution of chloro(chloromethoxy)methane in methylenechloride/water at room temperature and stirred overnight to afford solid(((ethylthio)carbonyl)oxy)methyl butyrate. Step 3. Sulfuryl acid isadded dropwise to a solution of (((ethylthio)carbonyl)oxy)methylbutyrate at about −30° C. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm toroom temperature and stir for about 2 hours to yield a solution of((chlorocarbonyl)oxy)methyl butyrate. Step 4.((Chlorocarbonyl)oxy)methyl butyrate is added to a solution of compound1 and sodium hydride in DMF at room temperature and allowed to stir forabout 3 hours to yield Compound A.

Example 2—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound B

Compound B can be synthesized according the scheme below.

Step 1. O-(chloromethyl)S-ethyl carbonothioate, sodium iodide, and18-crown-6 are dissolved in toluene and heated to 100° C. for 5 hours toform S-ethyl O-(iodomethyl) carbonothioate. Step 2. S-ethylO-(iodomethyl) carbonothioate and dibenzyl hydrogen phosphate arereacted to form 0-(((bis(benzyloxy)phosphoryl)oxy)methyl)S-ethylcarbonothioate. Step 3. Sulfuryl acid is added to a solution of0-(((bis(benzyloxy)phosphoryl)oxy)methyl)S-ethyl carbonothioate at −30°C. and allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 2 hours toafford ((bis(benzyloxy)phosphoryl)oxy)methyl carbonochloridate. Step 4.To a DMF solution of ((bis(benzyloxy)phosphoryl)oxy)methylcarbonochloridate and compound 1 is added sodium hydride at roomtemperature. The solution is stirred for 3 hours. Pd/C in DMSO is addedunder H₂ at room temperature, and the reaction mixture is allowed tostir for 5 hours to afford Compound B.

Example 3—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound C

Compound C was synthesized according to the steps below.

To a solution of compound 28 (50.0 g, 1650 mmol, 1.0 eq) and thionylchloride (63.0 mL, 849.9 mmol, 0.5151 eq) was added zinc bromide (4.58g, 19.99 mmol, 0.01212 eq) under nitrogen atmosphere. The resultingmixture was stirred at 80° C. for 24 h. The progress of the reactionmixture was monitored by ¹H NMR. After completion of the reaction, theresulting mixture was isolated by distillation (b.p. 103-104° C.) toafford a mixture of slightly yellow oil and white solid. The mixture wasfiltered to afford compound 29 (51.645 g, 54%) as a slightly yellow oil.

To a solution of compound 29 (10.0 g, 87.72 mmol, 3.0 eq) in hexane (50mL) was added sodium butyrate (3.2 g, 29.24 mmol, 1.0 eq) in a sealedtube. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 16 h. The progressof the reaction mixture was monitored by ¹H NMR. After completion of thereaction, the resulting mixture was filtered and the filtrate wasdiluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layerwas dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reducedpressure to afford crude compound 30 (1.5 g, 31%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 5.51 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 2H), 5.42 (d, J=0.6Hz, 2H), 2.36 (td, J=7.4, 0.6 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.61 (m, 2H), 0.97 (td,J=7.4, 0.6 Hz, 3H).

A mixture of compound 30 (1.1 g, 6.63 mmol, 1.2 eq), compound 1 (2.5 g,5.52 mmol, 1.0 eq), cesium carbonate (2.7 g, 8.28 mmol, 1.5 eq) andpotassium iodide (1.1 g, 6.63 mmol, 1.2 eq) in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone(30 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The progress of thereaction mixture was monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction,the mixture was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate.The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography. The desired Compound C wasobtained as white solid, 648 mg, in 20% yield.

LC-MS: 577.25 [M+1]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.12-8.04 (m, 2H), 7.59(d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.40 (m, 3H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 5.53 (s, 2H), 5.42(s, 2H), 4.18 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 2.16 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H),1.68 (dd, J=15.1, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.53-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.34 (t, J=7.1 Hz,3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 4—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound D

Compound D can be synthesized according to the scheme below.

Step 1. Chloro(chloromethoxy)methane and dibenzyl hydrogen phosphate isstirred in solution to afford dibenzyl ((chloromethoxy)methyl)phosphate. Step 2. Sodium hydride is added to a DMF solution of dibenzyl((chloromethoxy)methyl) phosphate and compound 1 at room temperature.The reaction is stirred for about 3 hours. Pd/C in DMSO is added andstirred under H₂ at room temperature for about 5 hours to affordCompound D.

Example 5—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound E

Compound E was synthesized according to the steps below.

To a solution of compound 1 (400 mg, 0.897 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (10 mL)was added K₂CO₃ (371 mg, 2.69 mmol, 3.0 eq) and KI (15 mg, 0.0897 mmol,0.1 eq), followed by chloromethyl butyrate (366 mg, 2.69 mmol, 3.0 eq),and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h. The solid was filteredoff, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography using 30% ethylacetate/hexane to afford Compound E (420 mg, 86%) as a white solid.

LCMS: [M+1]=547.45; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H),7.63-7.44 (m, 4H), 6.33 (s, 2H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 4.17 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H),4.01-3.90 (m, 2H), 2.30 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.72-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.34 (t,J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (dt, J=19.0, 7.5 Hz, 6H).

Example 6—Alternate Synthesis of Exemplary Compound E

Compound E was synthesized according to the steps below.

To a solution of compound 1 (100 g, 224 mmol, 1.00 eq) in drytetrahydrofuran (5.00 L) was added NaH (26.9 g, 672 mmol, 60% purity,3.00 eq) at 15° C. The reaction was stirred for 1 h at 15-20° C.Compound 1A (57.8 g, 448 mmol, 2.00 eq) was added drop wise at 15-20° C.The reaction was stirred at 20° C. for 2 h. LCMS and TEC showed ˜13% ofCompound 1 remaining and ˜80% of desired compound 9 was detected. Twelvereactions were combined for work up. The reaction mixture was filteredand the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give aresidue (1.2 kg). The residue was taken in methyl tertbutyl ether (6.00L) and the mixture was stirred at 15° C. for 3 h, then the mixture wasfiltered and the filtrate cake was dried to give compound 9 (950 g, 1.76mol, 65.6% yield) as a white solid.

LCMS: (Product Rt=1.498 min, M+1=539.1) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.23(d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.56 (m, 3H), 5.96 (s,2H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 4.21 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.95-3.99 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.74(m, 2H), 1.37 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

To a mixture of compound 9 (50.0 g, 92.8 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DMF (250 mL)was added compound 2A (13.3 g, 121 mmol, 1.30 eq) in one portion at 20°C. under N2. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. (inner temperature) for1.5 h. LCMS showed the reaction was complete. Nineteen reactions werecombined for work up. The mixture was cooled to 20° C. and thesuspension was filtered. The filtrate was purified using reversed-phaseHPLC. The aqueous phase (˜20.0 L) was concentrated in vacuo at 45° C.and it was extracted with ethyl acetate (5.00 L×3). The combined organicphase was washed with brine (3.00 L), dried with anhydrous sodiumsulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo at 45° C. Isopropyl ether(4.00 L) was added to the residue and stirred for 6 h at 60° C. Themixture was cooled to 15° C. and the mixture was filtered. The filtercake was collected and dried at 45° C. to give Compound E (417 g, 697mmol, 39.6% yield, 98.8% purity) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.98 (s, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) 7.47-7.56(m, 3H), 6.35 (s, 2H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 4.18 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.96-4.00(m, 2H), 2.33 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.62-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.35 (t, J=7.2 Hz,3H), 0.96 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 7—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound F

Compound F was synthesized according to the steps below.

To a solution of compound 2 (1 g, 7.46 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (10 mL) wasadded ZnCl₂ (20 mg, 0.149 mmol, 0.02 eq). After being stirred at roomtemperature for 15 min, the mixture was cooled to −15° C. Then compound3 (433 mg, 7.46 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added dropwise over 15 min. Themixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred at roomtemperature for 16 h. The progress of the reaction mixture was monitoredby TEC. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with DCM. Theorganic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated underreduced pressure to afford crude compound 4 (1.4 g, 97%).

To a solution of compound 1 (808 mg, 1.81 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (10 mL)was added K₂CO₃ (750 mg, 5.44 mmol, 3.0 eq) and KI (30 mg, 0.181 mmol,0.1 eq), followed by compound 4 (1.044 g, 5.44 mmol, 3.0 eq), and themixture was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h. The progress of the reactionmixture was monitored by TLC. The solid was filtered off, and thefiltrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography using 30% ethyl acetate/hexane toafford Compound F (237 mg, 22%) as a white solid.

LCMS: [M+1]=603.45; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H),7.63-7.44 (m, 4H), 6.33 (s, 2H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 4.17 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H),4.01-3.90 (m, 2H), 2.30 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.72-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.34 (t,J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (dt, J=19.0, 7.5 Hz, 6H).

Example 8—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound G

Compound G was synthesized according to the steps below.

A mixture of compound 5 (2 g, 10.20 mmol, 1.0 eq), compound 3 (947 mg,16.33 mmol, 1.6 eq) and pyridine (81 mg, 1.02 mmol, 0.1 eq) in diethylether (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The progress ofthe reaction mixture was monitored by TLC. The mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure to afford crude compound 6, which was used fornext step directly.

To a mixture of crude compound 6 from previous step in DCM (20 mL) wassuccessively added pyridine (1.6 g, 20.40 mmol, 2.0 eq) and a solutionof compound 6a (1.07 g, 10.71 mmol, 1.05 eq) in DCM (10 mL). The mixturewas allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred at room temperaturefor 16 h. The progress of the reaction mixture was monitored by TLC. Themixture was diluted with 1 N HCl and extracted with DCM. The organiclayer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reducedpressure to afford crude compound 7 (2.1 g, 93%).

To a solution of compound 1 (1.06 g, 2.38 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (20 mL)was added KI (395 mg, 0.238 mmol, 0.1 eq). After being stirred for 15min, K₂CO₃ (983 mg, 7.13 mmol, 3.0 eq) and compound 7 (2.1 g, 9.50 mmol,4.0 eq) was added. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h. Theprogress of the reaction mixture was monitored by TLC. The mixture wasdiluted with water and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was driedover anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography to afford Compound G(316 mg, 21%) as a white solid.

LCMS: [M+1]=631.55; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.11 (s, 2H), 7.67-7.40 (m,4H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 5.29 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (s, 1H), 4.16 (d, J=6.9Hz, 2H), 3.97 (dd, J=14.5, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 2H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 1.68(dd, J=14.7, 7.3 Hz, 5H), 1.49 (s, 1H), 1.41 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 1.33 (t,J=6.9 Hz, 4H), 1.25-1.14 (m, 3H), 0.94 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 0.83 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H).

Example 9—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound H

Compound H was synthesized according to the steps below.

To a mixture of crude compound 6 (1.5 g, 9.62 mmol, 1.0 eq) fromprevious step in DCM (20 mL) was successively added pyridine (1.52 g,19.23 mmol, 2.0 eq) and a solution of compound 8a (606 mg, 10.10 mmol,1.05 eq) in DCM (5 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature and stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The progress ofthe reaction mixture was monitored by TLC. The mixture was diluted with1 N HCl and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crudecompound 8 (2.1 g, 100%).

To a solution of the Compound 1 (1.36 g, 2.92 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (20mL) was added KI (48 mg, 0.292 mmol, 0.1 eq). After being stirred for 15min, K₂CO₃ (1.2 g, 8.76 mmol, 3.0 eq) and compound 8 (2.1 g, 11.67 mmol,4.0 eq) was added. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h. Theprogress of the reaction mixture was monitored by TLC. The mixture wasdiluted with water and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was driedover anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography to afford Compound H(462 mg, 25%) as a colorless oil.

LCMS: [M+1]=592.50; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.10 (s, 2H), 7.58-7.46 (m,4H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 4.17-3.92 (m, 7H), 2.21-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.58 (m,4H), 1.35 (m, 3H), 0.87-0.82 (m, 9H).

Example 10—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound I

Compound I was synthesized according to the steps below.

A solution of compound 11 (2.17 g, 34.97 mmol, 1.0 eq) and triethylamine(3.54 g, 34.97 mmol, 1.0 eq) in ether (10 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and asolution of compound 12 (5.0 g, 34.97 mmol, 1.0 eq) in ether (60 mL) wasadded dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and warmedto room temperature and stirred for 16 h. The progress of the reactionmixture was monitored by ¹H NMR. After completion of the reaction, themixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reducedpressure to afford crude compound 13 (6.2 g, 100%) as a green oil.

To a solution of compound 13 (5.0 g, 29.76 mmol, 1.0 eq) in acetonitrile(50 mL) was sodium iodide (22.3 g, 148.8 mmol, 5.0 eq). The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 7 h. The progress of the reactionmixture was monitored by ¹H NMR. After completion of the reaction, themixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove theacetonitrile solvent. The residue was diluted with ethyl acetate andextracted with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude compound14 (4.0 g, 51%).

A solution of butyric acid (21.0 g, 238.5 mmol, 2.0 eq) indichloromethane (200 mL/100 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and a solution oftetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (81.0 g, 238.5 mmol, 2.0 eq) andsodium bicarbonate (40.1 g, 476.9 mmol, 4.0 eq) was added. The resultingsolution was warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperaturefor 1 h. A solution of compound 14 (32.0 g, 119.2 mmol, 1.0 eq) was thenadded at this temperature and the mixture was stirred for 16 h. Theprogress of the reaction mixture was monitored by TLC. After completionof the reaction, the mixture was diluted with water and extracted withethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfateand concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified bychromatography over silica gel (0-1% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether).The desired compound 15 was obtained as yellow oil, 17.0 g, in 62%yield.

LCMS: 221.25 [M+1], ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.93 (q, J=5.5 Hz, 1H),2.89-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.29 (td, J=7.3, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 1.64 (dd, J=14.8, 7.4Hz, 2H), 1.48 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 3H), 1.34-1.27 (m, 3H), 0.93 (t, J=7.4 Hz,3H).

To a stirred solution of compound 15 (0.5 g, 2.27 mmol) in DCM (5 mL)sulfuryl chloride (0.60 g, 4.52 mmol) was added at −25° C. and reactionwas stirred at same temperature for 1.5 h. The solvent was removed toafford compound 16 (0.52 g). Compound 16 was pure enough for furtheruse.

To a stirred solution of compound 1 (0.5 g, 1.12 mmol) in DMF (5 mL),K₂CO₃ (0.31 g, 2.24 mmol) was added followed by addition of compound 16(0.65 g, 3.36 mmol) at room temperature and reaction was heated at 60°C. for overnight. Reaction was monitored using LCMS. LCMS showed nearly5% conversion. Reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and water wasadded. Organic layer was separated and aqueous was washed with ethylacetate (15×2). Combined organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate,concentrated. To the solid residue 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate andhexane was added and solid compound 1 was filtered. Filtrate wasconcentrated and purified using prep-HPLC by eluting 10-100% ACN (0.1%TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) to afford Compound I (35 mg, 5%).

LC-MS: 561.3 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.08 (s, 1H), 8.06(s, 1H), 7.64-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.34 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 4.17(q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.02-3.97 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.22 (m, 2H), 1.87 (d, J=6.4Hz, 3H), 1.73-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.34 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H),0.96 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 11—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound J

Compound J was synthesized according to the steps below, in a similarway as Example 9.

A mixture of compound 9 (0.3 g, 0.55 mmol) and 18 (0.08 g, 0.71 mmol)was heated at 80° C. in DMF for 1 h. LCMS showed complete conversion toCompound J. The reaction is believed to form intermediate compound 19,which further reacts with compound 18 to form the sodium salt ofcompound 1. The sodium salt of compound 1 further reacts withintermediate compound 19 to form Compound J. The solvent was removedunder vacuum and the residue was purified using prep HPLC by eluting10-100% ACN (0.1% TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) to afford Compound J (140mg, 43%).

LC-MS: 587.3 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.96(s, 1H), 7.72-7.42 (m, 4H), 6.33 (s, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 4.18 (q, J=7.0Hz, 2H), 4.03-3.90 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.27 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.69 (m, 8H), 1.36(t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.30-1.14 (m, 4H), 0.96 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

Example 12—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound K

Compound K was synthesized according to the steps below, in a similarway as Example 10.

A solution of cyclohexyl carboxylic acid (2.6 g, 29.85 mmol, 2.0 eq) indichloromethane (30 mL/15 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and a solution oftetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (10.1 g, 29.85 mmol, 2.0 eq) andsodium bicarbonate (5.0 g, 59.70 mmol, 4.0 eq) was added. The resultingsolution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. A solutionof compound 14 (4.0 g, 14.93 mmol, 1.0 eq) was then added and themixture was stirred for 16 h. The progress of the reaction mixture wasmonitored by TEC. After completion of the reaction, the mixture wasdiluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layerwas dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel(0-1% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether). The desired compound 20 wasobtained as a colorless oil, 2.98 g, in 74% yield.

LC-MS: 283.05 [M+23]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.91 (d, J=5.5 Hz,1H), 2.85 (qd, J=7.4, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 2.33-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=10.9Hz, 2H), 1.76-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.47 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 3H), 1.43 (d, J=12.5 Hz,2H), 1.29 (dd, J=11.5, 4.2 Hz, 4H), 1.25-1.20 (m, 3H).

To a stirred solution of compound 20 (0.5 g, 2.27 mmol) in DCM (5 mL)sulfuryl chloride (0.60 g, 4.52 mmol) was added at −25° C. and reactionwas stirred at same temperature for 1.5 h. The solvent was removed toafford compound 21 (0.52 g). Compound 21 was pure enough for furtheruse.

To a stirred solution of compound 1 (0.5 g, 1.12 mmol) in DMF (5 mL),K₂CO₃ (0.31 g, 2.24 mmol) was added followed by addition of compound 21(0.65 g, 3.36 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction was stirredovernight at 60° C. The reaction was monitored using LCMS. LCMS showednearly ˜10-15% conversion. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetateand water was added. The organic layer was separated and the aqueouslayer was washed with ethyl acetate (15 mL×2). The organic layer wascombined with the ethyl acetate washings and dried over sodium sulfatebefore drying the solution under vacuum. To the solid residue 1:1mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane was added and solid compound 1 wasremoved via filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and purified usingprep HPLC by eluting 10-100% ACN (0.1% TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) toafford Compound K (72 mg, 10%).

LC-MS: 601.3 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.06(s, 1H), 7.67-7.43 (m, 4H), 7.24 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (s, 2H), 4.17(q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.13-3.97 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.89 (d, J=6.4Hz, 3H), 1.83-1.62 (m, 8H), 1.34 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.27-1.09 (m, 4H),0.96 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 13—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound L

Compound L was synthesized according to the steps below.

To a mixture of acid 23 (150 mg, 1.34 mmol), tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (45.4 mg, 0.1 eq) and NaHCO₃ (566 mg, 5 eq) in DCM:H₂O (1:1, 6.6mL) was added a solution of chloromethyl chlorosulfate (222 mg, 1 eq) inDCM (1.1 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was warmed up to roomtemperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted withDCM, washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtrated and concentrated.The crude mixture was dissolved in DCM and passed through a small amountof silica gel (pipette used), eluting with DCM. After concentrating, 125mg of compound 24 obtained as a colorless oil.

Compound 24 (117 mg, 1.5 eq) was combined with compound 1 (215 mg, 0.49mmol), K₂CO₃ (206 mg, 3 eq), and anhydrous DMF (8.1 mL). The reactionmixture was heated to 60° C. for 14 hrs, filtered through celite, andconcentrated. Purification via FCC (SiO2: 30-50% EtOAc/hexanes) provided134 mg of desire product (about 93% purity). The solid was purified viaPrep-HPLC (H₂O/CH₃CN in 0.1% formic acid, 10-100, 20 mL/min, 30 min).After lyophilizing, 92 mg of Compound L was obtained as a white solid(96% purity).

LCMS: [M+H]⁺=571. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.97 (s, 2H), 7.62 (d,J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.56 (m, 3H), 6.32 (s, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 4.18 (q,J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.40 (s, 1H), 2.04 (s, 6H),1.62-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.35 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H)

Example 14—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound M

Compound M was synthesized according to the steps below.

To a solution of compound 25 (548 mg, 3.56 mmol) in anhydrous Et₂O (17mL) was added oxalyl chloride (0.61 mL, 2 eq) at room temperature,followed by 3 drops of DMF. The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 4 hrs and concentrated. The crude compound 26 wasdissolved in anhydrous DCM (11 mL), anhydrous ZnCl₂ (10.3 mg, 0.02 eq)was added, cooled to −15° C., and propanal (0.26 mL, 1 eq) was addeddropwise. The mixture was warmed up to room temperature, stirredovernight, and concentrated. The crude mixture was dissolved in DCM andpassed through a small amount of silica gel (pipette used), eluting withDCM. After concentrating, 714 mg of compound 27 obtained as a whitesolid.

Compound 27 (704 mg, 2 eq) was combined with compound 1 (680 mg, 1.52mmol), K₂CO₃ (640 mg, 3 eq), NaI (46.6 mg, 0.15 eq), and anhydrous DMF(25 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 14 hrs, filteredthrough celite, and concentrated. HPLC showed about 30% conversion.Purification via FCC (SiO₂: 20-30% EtOAc/hexanes) provided 210 mg ofdesire product Compound M (99% purity).

LCMS: [M+H]⁺=641. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H),7.60 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.54 (m, 3H), 6.94 (bs, 1H), 5.43 (s, 2H),4.16 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.42 (m, 1H), 2.19 (m,2H), 1.62-1.75 (m, 6H), 1.56-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.33 (t,J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H)

Example 15—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound N

Compound N was synthesized according to the steps below.

Cyclohexane carboxylic acid (1.31 g, 10.23 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH(5 mL) and to which was added NaOMe (2.34 mg, 10.23 mmol, 25% wt)dropwise at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 1 h. Thesolvent was removed in vacuo and the solid was dried under vacuum toafford sodium cyclohexanecarboxylate (1.46 g, 95% yield) as a whitesolid. Compound 29 (0.5 M in hexane, 3.1 eq) and sodiumcyclohexanecarboxylate (1.0 eq) was charged in sealed reaction tube andheated 80° C. for 16 h. The reaction was cooled and dried under vacuum.The residue was purified with flash chromatography column in 0-20%EtOAc/Hex. 28.5 mg (24% yield) of compound 31 was obtained as acolorless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 5.50 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 2H), 5.41 (d, J=1.2Hz, 2H), 2.36 (dddd, J=11.4, 10.2, 4.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 1.99-1.87 (m, 2H),1.82-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.38 (m, 4H), 1.38-1.30 (m, 1H), 1.30-1.20 (m,2H).

Compound 31 (1.2-2.5 eq) and compound 1 (1.0 eq) was dissolved inanhydrous NMP (0.4 M), to which was added Cs₂CO₃ (1.5 eq), KI (1.2 eq)at room temperature under N₂ atmosphere. The reaction was stirred for 1h and monitored by LCMS. Then the reaction was diluted with EtOAc andthe organic phase was washed with water (3×). The organic phase wasdried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue waspurified with flash chromatography column in 0-80% EtOAc/Hex to affordCompound N as a colorless oil.

LCMS (M+1)⁺: 617; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.10 (d, J=3.7 Hz,2H), 7.64-7.41 (m, 4H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 5.56 (s, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 4.19(q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.07-3.89 (m, 2H), 2.12 (td, J=7.0, 3.2 Hz, 1H),1.85-1.47 (m, 8H), 1.35 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (ddd, J=18.4, 10.6, 4.7Hz, 4H), 0.96 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 16—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound O

Compound O was synthesized according to the steps below.

To a solution of compound 1 (400 mg, 0.89 mmol, 1.0 eq) intetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added sodium hydride (60%, 286 mg, 7.14 mmol,8.0 eq) at 0° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirredfor 1 h. Then the mixture was cooled to 0° C. and ethylcarbonochloridate (386 mg, 3.57 mmol, 4.0 eq) was added dropwise. Theresulting mixture was stirred from 0° C. to room temperature overnight.The progress of the reaction mixture was monitored by TEC. Aftercompletion, the mixture was quenched with ice-cold water and extractedwith ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by chromatography over silica gel (0-25% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether). The desired Compound O was obtained as a white solid,354 mg, in 76% yield.

LC-MS: 519.25 [M+1]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s,1H), 7.62-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.54-7.42 (m, 3H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 4.49 (d, J=7.1Hz, 2H), 4.18 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.00-3.92 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.63 (m, 2H),1.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.35 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 3H).

Example 17—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound P

Compound P was synthesized according to the steps below.

To a solution of compound 1 (500 mg, 1.12 mmol, 1.0 eq) intetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added 60% sodium hydride (357 mg, 8.93 mmol,8.0 eq) at 0° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirredfor 1 h. Then the mixture was cooled to 0° C. and butylcarbonochloridate (610 mg, 4.47 mmol, 4.0 eq) was added dropwise. Theresulting mixture was stirred from 0° C. to room temperature overnight.The progress of the reaction mixture was monitored by TLC. Aftercompletion, the mixture was quenched with ice-cold water and extractedwith ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by chromatography over silica gel (0-25% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether). The desired Compound P was obtained as a white solid,340 mg, in 55% yield.

LC-MS: 547.30 [M+1]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s,1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 5.39 (s,2H), 4.42 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.98-3.93 (m, 2H),1.78-1.71 (m, 5H), 1.70-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.43-1.37 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=7.1Hz, 1H), 0.93 (dt, J=11.2, 7.4 Hz, 7H).

Example 18—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound O

Compound Q was synthesized according to the steps below.

A mixture of bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (5.0 g, 16.65 mmol, 0.5 eq),sodium carbonate (3.5 g, 33.29 mmol, 1.0 eq) and dimethylformamide (0.1mL) in toluene (50 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and stirred for 0.5 h undernitrogen atmosphere. Then a solution of compound 32 (4.0 g, 33.29 mmol,1.0 eq) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for an additional 4hours at 0° C., monitored by ¹H NMR. After completion, the mixture wasfiltered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure toafford crude compound 33 (4.0 g, 66%).

To a solution of compound 1 (615 mg, 1.37 mmol, 1.0 eq) intetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added 60% sodium hydride (440 mg, 10.99 mmol,8.0 eq) at 0° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirredfor 1 h. Then the mixture was cooled to 0° C. and compound 33 (1.0 g,5.49 mmol, 4.0 eq) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirredfrom 0° C. to room temperature overnight. The progress of the reactionmixture was monitored by TLC. After completion, the mixture was quenchedwith ice-cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layerwas dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel(0-25% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether). The desired Compound Q wasobtained as a colorless oil, 45 mg, in 4% yield.

LC-MS: 593.50 [M+1]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.16 (s,1H), 7.50 (ddd, J=25.4, 21.3, 7.6 Hz, 4H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 4.58 (dd,J=5.5, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.97-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.83 (dd,J=5.5, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (dd, J=5.6, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (dd, J=5.6, 3.5Hz, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 1.65 (dd, J=15.1, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.33 (t, J=7.1 Hz,3H), 0.93 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 19—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound R

Compound R was synthesized according to the steps below.

A mixture of paraformaldehyde (231 mg, 7.69 mmol, 2.0 eq) and compound34 (500 mg, 3.85 mmol, 1.0 eq) in chlorotrimethylsilane (5 mL) in asealed tube was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, monitored by TLC.After completion, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure toafford crude compound 35 (550 mg, 80%), which was used for next stepdirectly.

To a solution of compound 1 (554 mg, 1.24 mmol, 1.0 eq) in1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (5 mL) was added potassium iodide (102 mg, 0.62mmol, 0.5 eq). After being stirred for 15 min, cesium carbonate (1.0 g,3.09 mmol, 2.5 eq) and compound 35 (550 mg, 3.09 mmol, 2.5 eq) wasadded. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, monitored byTLC. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by chromatography over silica gel to afford Compound R (120 mg,16%) as a colorless oil.

LC-MS: 589.35 [M+1]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s,1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 5.80 (s, 2H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 4.20 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 3H),3.99-3.94 (m, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.67 (dd, J=15.1, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.35 (s,3H), 0.95 (s, 3H).

Example 20—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound S

Compound S was synthesized according to the steps below.

To compound 6 was added pyridine (4.8 g, 61.22 mmol, 2.0 eq) and asolution of compound 36 (5.3 g, 32.14 mmol, 1.05 eq) in dichloromethane(50 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature andstirred for 4 h. The progress of the reaction mixture was monitored by¹H NMR. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated underreduced pressure to afford crude compound 37 (6.0 g, 69%).

To a solution of compound 1 (394 mg, 0.880 mmol, 1.0 eq) indimethylformamide (5 mL) was added potassium iodide (15 mg, 0.088 mmol,0.1 eq). After being stirred for 15 min, potassium carbonate (364 mg,2.64 mmol, 3.0 eq) and compound 37 (1.0 g, 3.52 mmol, 4.0 eq) was added.The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC. Themixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane. Theorganic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gelchromatography. The desired Compound S was obtained as a colorless oil,53 mg, in 8% yield.

LC-MS: 695.55 [M+1]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.10 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H),7.61-7.45 (m, 4H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 4.34-4.12 (m, 4H), 4.01-3.93 (m, 2H),3.67-3.50 (m, 10H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s, 2H), 2.18 (s, 2H), 1.67 (dd,J=15.1, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.33 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H),0.83 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 21—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound T

Compound T was synthesized according to the steps below.

To a solution of 3-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]propanoic acid (compound38) (947 mg, 4.92 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (24 mL) was added oxalylchloride (0.85 mL, 2 eq) at room temperature, followed by 3 drops ofDMF. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hrs andconcentrated. The crude was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (16 mL),anhydrous ZnCl₂ (37 mg, 0.05 eq) was added, cooled to −15° C., andpropanal (0.42 mL, 1.2 eq) was added dropwise. The mixture was warmed upto room temperature, stirred overnight, and concentrated. Crude mixturewas dissolved in DCM and passed through a small amount of silica gel,eluting with DCM. After concentrating, 1.14 g of compound 40 wasobtained as a light yellow oil.

Compound 40 (974 mg, 1.5 eq) was combined with compound 1 (1.08 g, 2.42mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (2.36 g, 3 eq), KI (406 mg, 1 eq), and anhydrous DMF (18mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hrs,filtered through celite, and concentrated. HPLC showed about 3% product.The crude (solid) was treated with DCM several times (about 4triturations total) until minimum product was observed on the remainingsolid. The filtrate was concentrated and purified via FCC (SiO₂: 30-50%MeOH/DCM) to provide a mixture containing about 30% product and 70%compound 1. Final purification via Prep-HPLC (H₂O/CH₃CN containing 0.1%formic acid, 20-100, 30 min, 20 mL/min), followed by concentration,provided 40.3 mg of the desired product Compound T as a yellow oil.

LCMS: [M+H]⁺=679. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H),7.61 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.18 (bs, 1H), 5.44 (s, 2H),4.17 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (m, 2H), 3.71 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.48-3.58(m, 8H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 2.56-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.38 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.75(m, 2H), 1.34 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (t, J=7.5Hz, 3H)

Example 22—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound U

Compound U was synthesized following the steps below:

To a mixture of 1,3,5-trioxane (2 g, 22.2 mmol) and compound 41 (44.4mmol) in CHCl₃ (80 mL), CSA (22.2 mmol) was added and the reaction wasrefluxed for 65 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and washed with 0.5N NaOH. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, concentratedand purified by flash chromatography to afford compound 42.

To a mixture of compound 42 (1.3 g, 5.60 mmol) and KOH (0.72 g, 11.2mmol) in EtOH (50 mL) was added CSA. The reaction was refluxed for 1 h.The solvent was removed. To the residue was added water and the mixturewas extracted using ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was separated,acidified to pH 2 using HCl and extracted using ethyl acetate, driedover Mg_(S)O₄ and evaporated to dryness to afford compound 43 (0.9 g).Compound 43 was used without further purification.

To a solution of compound 43 (0.8 g, 4.54 mmol) in ACN (15 mL), Cu₂O(100 mg) was added and the reaction was refluxed for 1 h. The solventwas removed, and the residue was treated with water. The pH of thereaction mixture was adjusted to 2 using concentrated HCl then extractedusing diethyl ether. The ether layer was dried over Mg_(S)O₄ andevaporated to dryness to afford compound 44.

To a stirred solution of compound 1 (0.3 g, 0.67 mmol) in DMF (15 mL)NaH (0.05 g, 2.01 mmol) was added at room temperature and the reactionwas stirred for 30 min. After 30 min the reaction mixture was cooled to0° C. Compound chloromethyl carbonochloridate (0.15 g, 1.34 mmol) wasadded and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h.Additional NaH (0.05 g, 2.01 mmol) and chloromethyl carbonochloridate(0.15 g, 1.34 mmol) were added and the reaction was stirred for anadditional 1 h. The reaction was quenched using aqueous NH₄Cl andextracted with ethyl acetate, dried over Mg_(S)O₄ and evaporated todryness. The residue was purified using flash chromatography by elution0 to 60% ethyl acetate in hexane to afford compound 9 (110 g, 30%).

To a stirred solution of compound 9 (0.04 g, 0.09 mmol) in DMF (1 mL)compound 45 (0.024 g, 1.18 mmol) was added at 0° C. and the reaction wasstirred for and additional 4 h. The solvent was removed, and the residuewas purified using HPLC [0-100% ACN (0.1% TFA) and water (0.1% TFA)] toafford Compound U.

LC-MS: 590.85 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.06 (s, 1H), 8.00(s, 1H), 7.65-7.46 (m, 4H), 6.38 (s, 2H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 4.82 (t, J=5.4Hz, 2H), 4.27-4.16 (m, 4H), 4.04-3.93 (m, 4H), 2.82-2.68 (m, 1H),1.72-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.36 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 23—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound V

Compound V was synthesized following the steps below:

To a stirred solution of compound 9 (0.05 g, 0.09 mmol) in DMF (1 mL)compound 48 (0.024, 1.18 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirredfor 2 h. LCMS showed the desired mass along with compound 1. Thereaction was quenched using aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted using ethylacetate. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, concentratedand purified using prep HPLC [eluting 0-100% ACN (0.1% TFA) and water(0.1% TFA)] to afford Compound V.

LC-MS: 573.95 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.96(s, 1H), 7.67-7.43 (m, 4H), 6.36 (s, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 4.18 (q, J=7.1Hz, 2H), 4.01-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.52-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.24 (m, 3H), 2.26(s, 3H), 1.74-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.35 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3), 0.95 (m, 7=7.1 Hz,3H).

Example 24—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound AA

Compound AA was synthesized following the steps below:

A mixture of compound 9 (0.065 g, 0.12 mmol) and compound 47 (0.054 g,0.36 mmol) was heated at 60° C. in DMF for 1 h. The solvent was removed,and the compound was purified using prep HPLC by eluting 0-100% ACN(0.1% TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) to afford Compound AA.

LC-MS: 602 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.95(s, 1H), 7.69-7.42 (m, 4H), 6.34 (s, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 4.17 (q, J=7.0Hz, 2H), 4.04-3.91 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.31 (m, 1H), 2.22 (s,3H), 1.98-1.62 (m, 8H), 1.34 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 25—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound BB

Compound BB was synthesized following the steps below:

A mixture of compound 9 (0.15 g, 0.27 mmol) and compound 49 (0.25 g,1.39 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 45 min and heated at 60°C. in DMF for 30 min. LCMS showed complete conversion. The solvent wasremoved, and the compound was purified using prep HPLC by eluting 0-100%ACN (0.1% TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) to afford Compound BB.

LC-MS: 588.8 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.96 (dd, J=6.4,0.7 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.45 (m, 5H), 6.36 (s, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 4.18 (q,J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.02-3.86 (m, 5H), 3.41-3.33 (m, 3H), 2.60-2.55 (m, 1H),1.82-1.61 (m, 8H), 1.36 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 26—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound CC

Compound CC was synthesized following the steps below:

An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was added to a solution ofcompound 50 to afford compound 51. To compound 51 (0.2 g, 1.36 mmol) inwater was added AgNO₃ (0.26 g, 1.52 mmol) dr op wise at 0° C. and thereaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. The precipitated solidwas filtered, washed with water and dried under vacuum to affordcompound 52 (0.3 g).

A mixture of compound 9 (0.05 g, 0.09 mmol) and 52 (0.03 g, 0.18 mmol)was stirred in DMF for 2 h at room temperature. LCMS showed completeconversion. The solvent was removed, and the compound was purified usingprep HPLC by eluting 0-100% ACN (0.1% TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) toafford Compound CC.

LC-MS: 582.85 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.96 (d, J=4.9 Hz,2H), 8.09 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 2H), 7.65-7.35 (m, 5H), 6.65 (s, 2H), 5.43 (s,2H), 4.19 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.99-3.93 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.35(t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 27—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound DD

Compound DD was synthesized following the steps below:

A mixture of compound 9 (0.05 g, 0.09 mmol) and 53 (0.03 g, 0.18 mmol)in DMF was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. LCMS showed completeconversion. The solvent was removed and the compound was purified usingprep HPLC by eluting 0-100% ACN (0.1% TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) toafford Compound DD.

LC-MS: 581.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, cdcl₃) δ 8.78 (s, 2H), 8.01 (d,J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 7.61-7.47 (m, 4H), 6.62 (s, 2H),5.43 (s, 2H), 4.19 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.01-3.93 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.62 (m,2H), 1.36 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 28—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound EE

Compound EE was synthesized following the steps below:

A mixture of compound 9 (0.15 g, 0.28 mmol) and 54 (0.12 g, 0.84 mmol)was heated at 60° C. in DMF for 1 h. LCMS showed complete conversion.The solvent was removed and the compound was purified using prep HPLC byeluting 0-100% ACN (0.1% TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) to afford CompoundEE.

LC-MS: 581.8 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.19 (s, 1H), 8.82(d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (dd, J=8.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.06-7.98 (m, 2H),7.61-7.44 (m, 5H), 6.62 (s, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 4.20 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H),4.04-3.91 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.36 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t,J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 29—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound FF

Compound FF was synthesized following the steps below:

A mixture of compound 9 (0.2 g, 0.37 mmol) and 55 (0.11 g, 0.74 mmol) inDMF was heated at 40° C. for 12 h. LCMS showed the desired mass. Thesolvent was removed and the compound was purified first using flashcolumn chromatography and then prep HPLC by eluting 0-100% ACN (0.1%TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) to afford Compound FF.

LC-MS: 584.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.04 (d,J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.47 (m, 4H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H),6.54 (s, 2H), 5.44 (s, 2H), (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.99-3.92 (s, 3H),3.99-3.94 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.34 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t,7=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 30—Synthesis of Exemplary Compound GG

Compound GG was synthesized following the steps below:

A mixture of compound 9 (0.2 g, 0.37 mmol) and 56 (0.11 g, 0.74 mmol) inDMF was heated at 60° C. for 1 h. LCMS showed complete conversion. Thesolvent was removed, and compound was purified using prep HPLC byeluting 0-100% ACN (0.1% TFA) and water (0.1% TFA) to afford CompoundGG.

LC-MS: 584.9 (M+1). NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.16 (s,1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.61-7.45 (m, 4H), 6.55 (s, 2H), 5.45(s, 2H), 4.19 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.99-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H),1.72-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.35 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 31—Pharmacokinetic Properties

Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in Sprague Dawley rats.Exemplary compounds were administered orally by gavage to groups ofthree rats using a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg. Each oral dose wasprepared as a suspension in 0.5% methylcellulose in water. Blood sampleswere obtained serially from each rat at 0, 15, 30 min, and then 1, 2, 4,8, and 24 hrs post dose.

Concentrations of an administered compound and the correspondingmetabolite (Compound 1) in rat plasma were determined by a HPLC tandemmass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method. 50 μL Plasma PPT by ISTD inMeOH/Acetonitrile (1:1, v/v). 200 μL of 5 ng/mL Terfenadine andBuspirone was added to in MeOH/Acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) and mixed well. 5μL of MeOH was added to all samples and vortexed for 1 min andcentrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 mins. The supernatant was diluted 3× withwater (with 0.1% FA) and injected for LC/MS/MS analysis.

Compound Compound of Formula (A) Compound 1 or (B) Matrix Plasma PlasmaStandard Range 1-1000 ng/mL 10-10000 ng/mL Regression Linear LinearWeighting 1/(x * x) 1/(x * x) LLOQ 1 ng/mL 10 ng/mL Internal 5 ng/mLTerfenadine and 5 ng/mL Terfenadine and Standard Buspirone in MeOH/Buspirone in MeOH/ Acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) Acetonitrile (1:1, v/v)

Quantification of compounds were achieved by mass spectrometry usingMultiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode, monitoring the transitionsspecific to each exemplary compound and 447.34>405.20 for Compound 1.The quantification limit of the assay was 10 ng/mL for Compound 1.

Pharmacokinetic Analysis

Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using acommercial program WinNonLin Professional, Version 8.0 (Pharsight,Mountain View, Calif.). Plasma concentration at below level of detectionwas assumed to be Zero for the calculation of means and pharmacokineticparameters.

For oral administration, t1/2 (hr), tmax (hr), Cmax (ng/mL), AUClast(hr*ng/mL), AUCInf (hr*ng/mL), AUC Extr (%), MRTInf (hr), Cmax Ratio(Parent/Pro), AUClast Ratio (Parent/Pro) were determined.

Table 3 describes exemplary AUC_(last) data for representative compoundsof Formula (A).

TABLE 3 Compound AUC (hr*ng/mL) I α J α F β M γ G γ H β O β P β S β α =AUC is greater than or equal to 90,000 hr*ng/mL; β = AUC is less than90,000 hr*ng/mL and greater than or equal to 30,000 hr*ng/mL; γ = AUC isless than 30,000 hr*ng/mL and greater than 10,000 hr*ng/mL.

Table 4 describes exemplary AUC_(last) data for representative compoundsof Formula (B).

TABLE 4 Compound AUC (hr*ng/mL) C α E α or β L β N α J β α = AUC isgreater than or equal to 90,000 hr*ng/mL; β = AUC is less than 90,000hr*ng/mL and greater than or equal to 30,000 hr*ng/mL; γ = AUC is lessthan 30,000 hr*ng/mL and greater than 10,000 hr*ng/mL.

Table 5 describes exemplary AUC_(last) data for Compound 1.

TABLE 5 Compound AUC (hr*ng/mL) 1 γ α = AUC is greater than or equal to90,000 hr*ng/mL; β = AUC is less than 90,000 hr*ng/mL and greater thanor equal to 30,000 hr*ng/mL; γ = AUC is less than 30,000 hr*ng/mL.

Example 32: Oral Solution

To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for oral delivery, a sufficientamount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, is added to water (with optional solubilizer(s), optionalbuffer(s) and taste masking excipients) to provide a 0.1-20 mg/mLsolution.

Example 33: Oral Tablet

A tablet is prepared by mixing 20-50% by weight of a compound describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 20-50% by weightof microcrystalline cellulose, 1-10% by weight of low-substitutedhydroxypropyl cellulose, and 1-10% by weight of magnesium stearate orother appropriate excipients. Tablets are prepared by directcompression. The total weight of the compressed tablets is maintained at100-500 mg.

Example 34: Oral Capsule

To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for oral delivery, 10-500 mg ofa compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, is mixed with starch or other suitable powder blend. Themixture is incorporated into an oral dosage unit such as a hard gelatincapsule, which is suitable for oral administration.

In another embodiment, 1-500 mg of a compound described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is placed into Size 4 capsule,or size 1 capsule (hypromellose or hard gelatin) and the capsule isclosed.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound represented by Formula (A):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R¹and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, and substituted orunsubstituted alkyl; R³ is selected from substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein if R³ issubstituted then R³ is substituted with one or more groups selected fromhalogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, and substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₄heteroalkyl; R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; R⁶ ishydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; or R⁴ and R⁶ are takentogether with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form acarbonyl (C═O); or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom towhich they are attached to form a ring that is a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, wherein if the ring is substituted then it issubstituted with one or more R¹⁵; R¹⁵ is hydrogen, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —C(═O)R¹⁶,—C(═O)—OR¹⁶, —C(═O)N(R¹⁶)₂; each R¹⁶ is independently selected fromhydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, R⁷,—C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR⁷, or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂; orR⁴ and R⁵ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attachedto form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl; R⁷ issubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-substituted orunsubstituted phenyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl), -alkyl-(substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl), —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; R⁸ is hydrogen or alkyl; orR⁷ and R⁸ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl;each R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; each R¹⁰ isindependently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,—C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹², —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂;R¹² is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), or-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl); m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or6; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; whereinsubstituted means that the referenced group is substituted with one ormore additional groups individually and independently selected fromhalogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl,—C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl,heteroalkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide,alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone.
 2. The compound of claim 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R⁴ isC₁-C₆alkyl; R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, and C₁-C₆alkyl; or R⁴ and R⁶are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached toform a carbonyl (C═O).
 3. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, orn-propyl; R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl; orR⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they areattached to form a carbonyl (C═O).
 4. The compound of claim 3, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein thecompound has the following structure of Formula (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 5. Thecompound of any one of claims 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof, wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently selectedfrom substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
 6. The compound of any one ofclaims 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl,tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, n-hexyl,isohexyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, and neohexyl.
 7. Thecompound of claim 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein: R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
 8. The compound of claim 4, wherein thecompound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 9. Thecompound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein: R⁵ is R⁷; R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclicC₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedmonocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl), —CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹,or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogenand methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,—C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹², —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.10. The compound of claim 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, wherein: R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆heteroalkyl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl), —CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, or—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹; R¹⁰ is hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OH)₂.
 11. The compound of claim10, wherein the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 12. Thecompound of claim 8, wherein the compound has one of the followingstructures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 13. Thecompound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein the compound has the following structure of Formula(I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 14. Thecompound of claim 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.
 15. The compound of claim 13, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R¹ isethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
 16. Thecompound of claim 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 17. Thecompound of claim 16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein: R⁴ is methyl or ethyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, R⁷, —C(═O)R⁷,—C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR⁷, or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂; R⁷ isC₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted monocyclic C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted bicyclic C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedmonocyclic C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclicC₅-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted orunsubstituted phenyl), —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl),—CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ isindependently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.
 18. The compound ofclaim 16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein: R⁵ is R⁷, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)—OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR⁷, or—P(═O)(OH)₂; R⁷ is C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, substitutedor unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[4.3.0]nonanyl, or substituted or unsubstituted decalinyl,substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substitutedor unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl,substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedthiomorpholinyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted orunsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl, —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl), —CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),—CH₂-(substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl),—CH(R¹⁰)O—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R¹⁰ isindependently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R¹¹ is hydrogen,C₁-C₆alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹²,—C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), —C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.
 19. The compound ofclaim 16, wherein the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 20. Thecompound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein the compound has the following structure of Formula(II):

wherein: Y is selected from —CH₂—, O, S, —NR¹⁵—, and —S(O)₂—; Z is O orS; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 21. Thecompound of claim 20, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.
 22. The compound of claim 20, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R¹ isethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
 23. Thecompound of claim 20, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 24. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 25. Thecompound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein the compound has the following structure of Formula(IIa):

wherein: Y is selected from —CH₂—, O, S, —NR¹⁵—, and —S(O)₂—; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 26. The compound ofclaim 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently selected from substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substituted orunsubstituted phenyl.
 27. The compound of claim 25, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R¹ isethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
 28. Thecompound of claim 25, wherein the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 29. A compoundrepresented by Formula (B):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R¹and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, and substituted orunsubstituted alkyl; R³ is selected from substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein if R³ issubstituted then R³ is substituted with one or more groups selected fromhalogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, and substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₄heteroalkyl; R⁴ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;R⁶ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; or R⁴ and R⁶ aretaken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form acarbonyl (C═O); or R⁴ and R⁶ are taken together with the carbon atom towhich they are attached to form a ring that is a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, wherein if the ring is substituted then it issubstituted with one or more R¹⁵; R¹⁵ is hydrogen, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), —C(═O)R¹⁶,—C(═O)—OR¹⁶, —C(═O)N(R¹⁶)₂; each R¹⁶ is independently selected fromhydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; R⁵ is substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl), -alkyl-(substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl), —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R^(a) or—C(═O)—OR⁷; R^(a) is substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted bicyclic heteroaryl, (substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl containing at least one O atom in the ring),substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedpiperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted azapenyl, substituted orunsubstituted 5-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyridin-2-yl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-4-yl, substituted orunsubstituted pyrimidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl,substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtriazinyl; or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together with the atoms to which theyare attached to form a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl; R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), -alkyl-(substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl), —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or—(C(R¹⁰)₂)_(p)—OR¹¹; each R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen andalkyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; R¹¹is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹², —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸),—C(═O)—SR¹², or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂; R¹² is hydrogen, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted orunsubstituted phenyl), or -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl); m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or
 6. p is 1,2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; wherein substituted means that the referenced group issubstituted with one or more additional groups individually andindependently selected from halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂,—OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂,—S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl,fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide,alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone.
 30. The compound of claim 29, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R⁴ ishydrogen; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁵ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), -alkyl-(substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl), —(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R^(a) or —C(═O)—OR⁷.
 31. The compoundof claim 29 or claim 30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently selected fromsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; R³ is selected from substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl.
 32. The compound of claim 29 or claim 30, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R¹ and R²are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl,neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl,3-methylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, and neohexyl.
 33. The compound ofclaim 29 or claim 30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein: R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; and R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
 34. The compound of claim 29 or claim 30,wherein the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 35. Thecompound of claim 34, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein: R¹¹ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,—C(═O)R¹², —C(═O)—OR¹², —C(═O)N(R¹²)(R⁸), or —P(═O)(OR⁹)₂.
 36. Thecompound of claim 35, wherein the compound has one of the followingstructures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 37. Thecompound of claim 35, wherein the compound has one of the followingstructures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 38. Thecompound of claim 29 or claim 30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof, wherein: R⁵ is —C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, —C(═O)—R^(a) or —C(═O)—OR⁷.
 39. The compoundof claim 38, wherein the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 40. Thecompound of claim 39, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein: R^(a) is substituted or unsubstituted bicycliccycloalkyl that is a fused bicyclic cycloalkyl, bridged bicycliccycloalkyl, or spiro bicyclic cycloalkyl; or R^(a) is substituted orunsubstituted bicyclic heterocycloalkyl that is a fused bicyclicheterocycloalkyl, bridged bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, or spiro bicyclicheterocycloalkyl; or R^(a) is substituted or unsubstituted bicyclicheteroaryl.
 41. The compound of claim 39, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: R^(a) is substituted orunsubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbicyclo[4.3.0]nonanyl, or substituted or unsubstituted decalinyl. 42.The compound of claim 40, wherein the compound has one of the followingstructures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 43. Thecompound of claim 39, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein: R^(a) is substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylcontaining at least one O atom in the ring, substituted or unsubstitutedazetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted orunsubstituted azapenyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5-memberedheteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridin-2-yl, substituted orunsubstituted pyridin-4-yl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl,substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyridazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted triazinyl.
 44. The compound ofclaim 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein: R^(a) is a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylcontaining at least one O atom in the ring that is substituted orunsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituteddihydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolidinonyl, substitutedor unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituteddihydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrothiopyranyl,substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedoxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxepanyl, substituted orunsubstituted oxazepinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted dioxanyl. 45.The compound of claim 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, wherein: R^(a) is a substituted or unsubstituted5-membered heteroaryl that is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl,substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted orunsubstituted thiazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl,substituted or unsubstituted pyrazolyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtriazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrazolyl, substituted orunsubstituted isoxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl,substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazolyl, or substituted orunsubstituted thiadiazolyl,
 46. The compound of claim 43, wherein thecompound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 47. Thecompound of claim 29 or claim 30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof, wherein: R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl; R⁵ is —C(═O)—(C(R¹⁰)₂O)_(m)—R¹¹,—C(═O)—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—R¹¹, or —C(═O)—OR⁷.
 48. The compound of claim 47,wherein the compound has one of the following structures:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 49. Thecompound of claim 29 or claim 30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof, wherein: R¹ is ethyl; R² is n-propyl; R³ is3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl; R⁵ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl),-alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl), -alkyl-(substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl), -alkyl-(substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl).
 50. The compound of claim 49, wherein the compoundhas the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 51. Apharmaceutical formulation, comprising a compound of any one of claims1-50, or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; and atleast one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 52. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 51, wherein the pharmaceutical composition isformulated for administration to a mammal by oral administration,intravenous administration, or subcutaneous administration.
 53. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 51, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, a capsule, a liquid, asuspension, a dispersion, a solution, or an emulsion.
 54. A method ofmodulating the A₂B adenosine receptor in a mammal comprisingadministering to the mammal a compound of any one of claims 1-50, or anypharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 55. A method oftreating a disease or disorder in a mammal comprising administering tothe mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of any one of claims 1-50, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, wherein the condition is selected from thegroup consisting of cardiovascular diseases, fibrosis, neurologicaldisorders, type I hypersensitivity disorders, chronic and acute liverdiseases, lung diseases, renal diseases, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.56. The method of claim 55, wherein the condition is cancer.
 57. Themethod of any one of claims 54-56, wherein the subject is human.